5 MAY

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY)

ENTOMOLOGY

VOL. XVI

1965

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
LONDON: 1966

DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE PARTS

No. i • •' 3 June 1965

No. 2 23 August 1965

No. 3 ..... 23 August 1965

No. 4 ..... 25 October 1965

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
BY ADLARD & SON LIMITED
BARTHOLOMEW PRESS, DORKING

CONTENTS

5 MAY

ENTOMOLOGY VOLUME XVI

No. i. Diptera from Nepal. Bibionidae. By D. ELMO HARDY
Agromyzidae. By K. A. SPENCER

PAGE

i
25

No. 2. A systematic revision of the Ameniinae (Diptera : Calliphoridae) .

By R. W. CROSSKEY 33

No. 3. A revision of the Nodini and a key to the genera of Eumolpidae of

Africa (Coleoptera : Eumolpidae). By B. J. SELMAN 141

No. 4. On some Coccidae (Homoptera), chiefly from Africa. By G. DE LOTTO 175

Index to Volume XVI 241

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL

BIBIONIDAE

D. ELMO HARDY

AGROMYZIDAE

K. A. SPENCER

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 16 No. i

LONDON: 1965

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL

BIBIONIDAE

BY

D. ELMO HARDY

Department of Entomology, University of Hawaii

AGROMYZIDAE

BY

K. A. SPENCER

19, Redington Road, Hampstead, London, I^ngland

Pp. 1-31 ; 61 Text-figures

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 16 No. i

LONDON: 1965

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DIPTERA FROM NEPAL

BIBIONIDAE1

By D. ELMO HARDY

SYNOPSIS

This study is based upon sixty-one specimens collected by Ralph L. Coe, British Museum
(Natural History) 1961-62 expedition to Nepal, and seventeen specimens collected by L. W.
Swan, American expeditions to Nepal 1954 and 1960. The collections contained twelve species
in four genera of Bibionidae. Six of the species are apparently undescribed and ten are
new records for Nepal. One additional species, Penthetria indica (Brunetti), has been recorded
from Nepal but was not represented in the collections.

THIS most valuable collection gives us considerable insight into a previously almost
entirely unknown fauna and adds materially to our knowledge of the Bibionidae of
the Oriental region.

I am indebted to Ralph L. Coe for the privilege of studying the material from the
British Museum collection and to Dr. Edward Kessel and Paul Arnaud for the loan
of specimens from the California Academy of Sciences. I am also grateful to Mrs.
Rogene Radner for preparing the illustrations.

TAXONOMIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE KNOWN BIBIONIDAE OF NEPAL

Subfamily Pleciinae Subfamily Bibioninae

Penthetria atra (Brunetti) Bibio ablusus n. sp.

P. indica (Brunetti)* B. affiniproximus n. sp.

P. japonica Wiedemann B. capitaneus n. sp.

Plecia mallochi Hardy ? $ B. nigerrimus Duda

P. sp. ? $ impostor complex B. scaurus n. sp.

B. totonigra n. sp.
Dilophus gratiosus Bigot
D. hirsutus n. sp.

*Not present in this collection.

KEY TO KNOWN SPECIES OF BlBIONIDAE FROM NEPAL

1 Front tibia lacking spines or spurs. Vein R2+3 present (Text-fig. 3). Pleciinae . 2
Front tibia with large apical spurs (Text-fig. 1 1 ) or with a ring of spines at the apex and

a row of four spines across the middle (Text-fig. 46) . Bibioninae ... 6

2 Vein R2+3 short, oblique or vertical in position (Text-fig. 6) . Plecia Wiedemann . 3
Vein R2+3 elongate, almost horizontal in position (Text-fig. 3). Penthetria Meigen . 4

3 Thorax entirely rufous . . . Plecia mallochi Hardy (and related species)
Pleura black, front margin of mesonotum dark coloured Plecia impostor Brunetti complex

4 At least posterior half of mesonotum bright orange ...... 5

Entirely black species ....... Penthetria atra (Brunetti)

1Published with the approval of the Director of the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station as
Technical Paper No. 694.

Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Ent. 16 (i), 1965.

4 D. ELMO HARDY

5 Anterior portion of mesonotum black .... P. japonica Wiedemann
Mesonotum entirely rufous ....... P. indica (Brunetti)

6 Front tibia with a row of apical spines and with four spines across the middle (Text-

fig. 46). Dilophus Meigen .'........ 7

Front tibia with apical spurs. Bibio Geoffrey . ... . . . . 8

7 Basal section of radial sector very short, about one-fifth as long as the r-m crossvein

(Text-fig. 50) . Body and legs densely black pilose. Spines of front tibia arranged

as in Text-fig. 49 ........ D. hirsutus n. sp.

Basal section of radial sector nearly one-half as long as r-m (Text-fig. 47) . Body and
legs sparsely yellow pilose. Spines of front tibia arranged as in Text-fig. 46

D. gratiosus Bigot

8 Spurs of front tibia sharp pointed (Text-figs. 18 and 22) ..... 9
Outer spur of front tibia rounded, blunt at apex (best seen from lateral view) (Text-
fig. 30). Ninth tergum of male with a U-shaped hind margin (Text-fig. 33). An-
tenna lo-segmented. Large subopaque black species . B. nigerrimus Duda

9 Wings entirely hyaline, except for the stigma ; posterior veins colorless . . 10
Wings distinctly infuscated, darker on the anterior margin ; posterior veins darker

than the membrane ........... 1 1

10 Large species, male body 15-5 mm. ; wings 14-0 mm. Crossvein r-m less than half as

long as the base of the Rs (Text-fig. 25). Last segment of palpus six times longer

than wide (Text-fig. 23). . . . . . . B. capitaneus n. sp.

Small species, body 5-0 mm. ; wings 4-6 mm. Crossvein v-m equal in length to the
base of Rs. Last segment of palpus scarcely longer than wide (Text-fig. 14)

B. affiniproximus n. sp.

11 Hind basitarsi of male not swollen ; wings evenly fumose, not spotted . . 12
Hind basitarsi of male swollen (Text-fig. 35). Female with brown spots on the wings

as in Text-fig. 37 ........ B. scaurus n. sp.

12 Inner spur well developed, subequal to outer (Text-fig. 42). Body entirely black

pilose. Wings smoky black, costal cell and stigma black. Last segment of palpus
elongate, 6-7 times longer than wide. Crossvein r-m approximately equal to the
base of Rs (Text-fig. 40). . . . . . B. totonigra n. sp.

— Inner spur of front tibia rudimentary, very small compared to the outer (Text-fig. 1 1 ) .
Body predominantly yellow pilose. Wings lightly fumose, costal cell brownish
yellow, stigma brown. Last segment of palpus short, scarcely longer than wide.
Crossvein r-m about one-half as long as basal section of Rs (Text-fig. 9) B. ablusus n. sp.

Subfamily PLECIINAE
Genus PENTHETRIA Meigen

Penthetria Meigen, 1803, Illiger's Mag. 2 : 264.

Threneste Wiedemann, 1830, Aussereurop. zweifl. Ins. 2 : 618 (refer to Edwards, 1928 : 683).

Eupeitenus Macquart, 1838, Dipt. exot. nouv. ou pen connus 1 : 85.

Crapitula Gimmerthal, 1845, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, 18 : 330.

Pleciomyia Brunetti, 1911, Rec. Indian Mus. 4 : 269.

Parapleciomyia Brunetti, 1912, Rec. Indian Mus. 7 : 446.

The members of this genus differ from Plecia by having vein R2+3 elongate and
horizontal in position, almost parallel to vein -R4+5, and the claspers of the male
genitalia lateral in position and large and conspicuous.

Three species have been recorded from Nepal, two of these (P. atra (Brunetti) and
japonica Wiedemann) are present in this collection. P. indica (Brunetti) was recorded
by Brunetti (1911 : 272).

Type species : Penthetria holosericea Meigen.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 5

Penthetria atra (Brunetti)
(Text-figs. 1-4)

Plecia atra Brunetti, 1911, Rec. Indian Mus. 4 : 272.

To date only female specimens of atra have been recorded. It is readily recognized
from all other known Penthetria from this region by its entirely black coloration. I
have on hand a male specimen from Sze-chuan, China, which appears to be this
species. It is highly probable, however, that a complex of species may have the
same general appearance and it would not be practical to describe this male as atra.

$. Entirely black species covered with short black setae over the body and legs. The head
is short and broad. The rostrum is not developed and the front has a prominent tubercle on
the lower median portion. As seen in dorsal view the head is as in Text-fig. 2. The antennae
are twelve-segmented (Text-fig, i) ; Brunetti, in the original description, indicated this, but
his figure (1912, plate 12, fig. 16) shows only eleven segments with an indication of two segments
being present in the first joint of the flagellum. The wings are entirely smoky black. The
venation is as in Text-fig. 3. The forking of veins MT and M2 is well beyond the r-m crossvein.
The female genitalia are as in Text-fig. 4.

Brunetti recorded the length of this species as 8-0-12-0 mm. The specimens at hand measure
9-5 mm. for the body and 10-0 mm. for the wings.

Brunetti's type-series was from Bhim Tal, KUMAON, western Himalayas and from
Soondrijal, NEPAL. Type in the Indian Museum.

NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., Sangu, c. 6,200', bamboo plantation, i $, n. x. 1961 ;
by rocky stream, I $, 7-16. x. 1961 ; and mixed vegetation by stream in valley,
i ?, ix-x. 1961 (R. L. Coe), B.M. (N.H.).

Penthetria indica (Brunetti)

Plecia indica Brunetti, 1911, Rec. Indian Mus. 4 : 271.

Type locality, Darjeeling. Evidently widely distributed through northern India
and Nepal. Brunetti recorded cotypes from Soondrijal, Nepal. Type in the
Indian Museum.

This species was not present in the collection of the British Museum from Nepal.

P. indica is differentiated from other Penthetria known from this section of the
world by having the mesonotum entirely rufous, also by the comparatively short
vein R2+3.

The following notes were made from a $ specimen from INDIA ; United Province,
Naini Tal, 6,750', 25. ii. 1934 (/. A. Graham), B.M. (N.H.).

The entire dorsum of the thorax is opaque orange except for the apex of the scutellum,
which is shiny black. The remainder of the body and all appendages are black ; the pleura
and femora have a faint brownish to reddish tinge in the ground colour. The mesonotum is
sparsely covered with short yellow hairs. As seen from a dorsal view the head is slightly wider
than long, the rostrum is not well developed. The ocellar tubercle is well developed and a
rather prominent tumescence is present just above the antennae in the middle of the front.
The antennae are twelve-segmented. The leg joints are slender, the hind basitarsus is about
one-third as long as the tibia. The pile of the coxae and femora is short, yellow, and the tibiae
have short yellow pile with some brown to black pile intermixed. The tarsi are covered with
brown to black pile. The wings are smoky brown, darker along the anterior margin. The
stigma is dark brown, scarcely darker than the membrane. Vein R2+3 is about equal in length
to the distance from the r-m crossvein to the forking of veins R2+3 and /?4 + 5. In this respect

6 D. ELMO HARDY

this species is somewhat Plecia-like but vein R2+3 extends almost parallel to #4+5 and in this
respect would fit Penthetria. The fork of veins M\ and M2 is situated well before the forking
of veins R2+3 and Rt+&.

Length (of the specimen studied) : Body, 8-5 mm.; wings, 10-3 mm.

Brunetti in the original gave the length as 6-9 mm.

0.7 mm.

4.0mm.

FIGS. 1-4. Penthetria atra (Brunetti). Fig. i, antenna ; Fig. 2, head of $, dorsal ; Fig. 3,
wing ; Fig. 4, § genitalia, ventral. FIG. 5. Penthetria japonica Wiedemann, section of
wing showing branching of M^ and Mz. FIG. 6. Plecia mallochi Hardy?, anterior margin
of wing showing fork of radial sector.

Penthetria japonica Wiedemann
(Text-fig. 5)

Penthetria japonica Wiedemann, 1830, Aussereurop. zweifl. Ins. 2 : 618.
Plecia ignicollis Walker, 1848, List Dipt. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1 : 116.

For a discussion of this synonymy refer to Hardy (1956 : 85) and to Hardy and
Takahashi (1960 : 390). As discussed in the latter reference, P. japonica has been
commonly treated in the literature as a synonym of P. melanaspis Wiedemann ;
however, the male claspers are rather strongly curved downward, rather blunt at
their apices in japonica and are straight-sided, rather sharply pointed at the apices

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 7

in melanaspis. Refer to figures 2 C-D and 3A in Hardy and Takahashi (1960 : 390
and 392). This has been treated by Brunetti : (1911 : 270; and 1912 : 161) as
Pleciomyia melanaspis Wied.

P. japonica also resembles motschulskii (Gimmerthal) , from northern China,
Siberia and Sakhalin but the wing venation is distinctly different. In japonica
vein Mx is joined directly to the r-m crossvein (Text-fig. 5) and not joined with M2
beyond this crossvein, in motschulskii vein M 1+2 extends well beyond the r-m cross-
vein. Also the genitalia are very different in the two species. P. motschulskii has
the claspers greatly thickened and blunt (fig. 38, Hardy and Takahashi 1960 : 392).

P. japonica is readily recognized from other known Penthetria in Nepal or northern
India by having the posterior portion of the mesonotum orange to rufous and the
anterior portion velvety black. The remainder of the body and appendages,
including the wings, is entirely black.

For a more adequate description, refer to Hardy and Takahashi (1960 : 390-391).

Length of male : Body and wing, 9-0-10-0 mm. Length of female : Body,
10-0-10-7 mm. ; wings, 7-0-12-0 mm.

Type locality : JAPAN. Type in the Zoologisches Museum, Humboldt Universitat,
Berlin.

I have studied specimens of this species from a wide range of localities throughout
NORTHERN INDIA, CHINA, and FORMOSA, as well as JAPAN.

NEPAL, Taplejung Distr., Sangu, c. 6,200', mixed vegetation by stream in gully,
i <j>, ix. -x. 1961 (R. L. Coe), B.M. (N.H.). Three specimens, two <$ and one $, are in the
California Academy of Sciences collection from NEPAL : Manga Deorali, 5,500',
7. xi. 1960 (L. Swan) ; Chyaubas to Risingo, 4,000', no date given — no doubt x. or xi.
1960 (L. Swan) ; and Pass Camp near Tarebhir, 4,500', 26. x. 1960 (L. Swan}.
Brunetti (1912 : 161) recorded this species as Pleciomyia melanaspis (Wiedemann),
from Soondrijal and Katmandu, Nepal.

Genus PLECIA Wiedemann
Plecia Wiedemann, 1828, Aussereurop. zweifl. Ins. 1 : 72.

Members of this genus are differentiated from Penthetria by the short, almost
vertical, vein 7?2+3 (Text-fig. 6) and by the vertical, comparatively small, claspers of
the male.

Two species are present from Nepal. Both are represented only by females and
positive identification is impossible without the males.

Type species : Hirtea fulvicollis Fabricius.

Plecia sp. ? $ impostor complex

One female specimen of the Plecia impostor complex is in the California Academy
of Sciences collection from NEPAL : Chyaubas to Risingo, 4,000', no date given —
probably collected x. or xi. 1960 (L. Swan). It is impossible to identify species of
this complex without the males. The group is characterized by having the meso-
notum rufous except for a brown marking on the anterior portion. For a revision
of the known Oriental species refer to Hardy 1953.

8 D. ELMO HARDY

Plecia mallochi Hardy ?
(Text-fig. 6)

Penthetria thoracica Gu£rin-M£neville, 1833, in BeUanger, Voy. Indes Orientales, : 507. Paris.

[Preoccupied by Laphria thoracica Fabricius, 1805, System. Antl.: 163, a synonym of Plecia

collar is (Fabricius)].

Plecia confusa Malloch, 1928, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 53 : 605, nee P. confusa Loew.
Plecia mallochi Hardy, 1948, /. Kans. ent. Soc. 21 : 36. [Change of name for P. confusa Malloch,

preoccupied by P. confusa Loew, 1858, Berl. ent. Z. 2 : 109.]
Plecia dispersa Hardy, 1958 : 196. [This was presented as a new name for mallochi but the

latter is available to replace thoracica Gu6rin-M£neville.]

The Plecia which have the thorax entirely rufous have been commonly treated in
the literature under the name fulvicollis (Fabricius). Brunetti (1912 : 163) treated
Penthetria thoracica Guerin ( = mallochi Hardy), Plecia dorsalis Walker and Plecia
subvariens Walker as synonyms under fulvicollis. It is probable that none of these
are actually synonyms. Brunetti's concept was based entirely upon colour and
obviously included an assortment of species. The species from Nepal may probably
be P. mallochi, which was described from Coromandel, S. E. India, but as I have
recorded (Hardy, 1958 : 197) it is one of the common species of India and Ceylon.

One $ from NEPAL : Arun Valley, below Tumlingtar, River Sabhaya, west shore,
c. 1,800', 2i.xii.i962. (R. L. Coe), B.M. (N.H.), appears to be this species, but it
cannot be positively identified without the male. The specimen is larger than any
mallochi which I have previously seen : the body measures 9-0 mm. and the wing
12-5 mm. although females of mallochi will range to 8-5 mm. for the body and
approximately n-o mm. for the wing and this difference is insignificant.

P. mallochi is related to javensis Edwards because of the poorly developed ocellar
triangle of the male and is differentiated by the broad blunt claspers and the differ-
ences in the shape and development of the ninth sternum and tergum of the male.
Refer to Hardy (1958 : 196-197 — under P. dispersa) for descriptive details and
figures.

Genus BIBIO Geoffrey

Bibio Geoffroy, 1764, Hist. Nat. Insectes, 2 : 571.
Pullata Harris, 1776, Expos. Eng. Ins. : 76. ,

Hirtea Fabricius, 1798, Ent. Syst., Suppl., : 551 (nee Scopoli, 1763).
Bibiophus Bollow, 1954, Z. PflBau 5 (5) : 209, 211.

This genus is characterized by the development of strong apical spurs on the front
tibiae (Text-fig, n), and by the simple radial sector, with the basal portion equal
to or longer than the r-m cross vein. Bibio are rather conspicuously hairy flies, the
antennae are short, the segments are thick and closely compressed.

Six species of Bibio are known to occur in Nepal, only one of these, B. nigerrimus
Duda, has been previously recorded. The other five are apparently undescribed.

Type species : Tipula hortulana Linnaeus.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 9

Bibio ablusus n. sp.

(Text-figs. 7-13)

This species appears to be related to B. totonigra n. sp. but differs by having the
body predominantly yellow pilose ; the wings lightly fumose ; the r-m crossvein
short, about one-half as long as the basal section of Rs ; and the terminal segment
of the palpus short.

0 7mm.

35mm.

FIGS. 7-13. Bibio ablusus n. sp. Fig. 7, $ head, lateral ; Fig. 8, $ head, dorsal ; Fig. 9,
wing ; Fig. 10, hind leg, <J ; Fig. n, front tibia ; Fig. 12, $ genitalia, ventral ; Fig. 13,
cJ genitalia, dorsal.

cJ. Head : Entirely black haired except for long yellow- white hairs down the median portion
of the venter. The eyes are densely setose, the setae are approximately one-half longer than
the height of the ocellar triangle. The antennae are entirely black, the flagellum is composed
of eight segments (Text-fig. 7). The terminal segment of the palpus is short and thick, scarcely
longer than wide. The head is just slightly produced beyond the margins of the eyes. The
cardo stipites are well developed and prominent (Text-fig. 7). The height of the ocellar tubercle
is about equal to the length of the pedicel of the antenna. Thorax : Polished black, except
for the yellow humeral ridges, and covered with yellow pile except for dense short brown to

io D. ELMO HARDY

black pile over the anteromedian portion of the mesonotum. The stems of the halteres are
yellow, tinged with brown, the knobs are brown to black. Legs : Polished black except for
the yellow to rufous spurs of the tibiae. The inner spur of the front tibia is rudimentary, very
tiny compared to the outer (Text-fig, n). The hind femur is attenuated on the basal half
and the tibia is rather gradually expanded, at its widest point it is slightly thicker than the
femur. The tarsi are just slightly swollen, the hind basitarsus is four to five times longer
than wide and is about one-half as wide as the tibia (Text-fig, io). Wings : Lightly fumose,
the stigma and anterior veins brown ; the posterior veins are yellow, tinged with brown,
distinctly darker than the membrane. The r-m crossvein is about one-half as long as the
basal portion of the radial sector. The forking of veins Ml and Mz is variable, in some specimens
it is distinctly before the m crossvein, in others it is at or beyond the m crossvein. Veins
M2 and M3+t evanesce before reaching the wing margin (Text-fig. 9). Abdomen : Subopaque
black, lightly pollinose over the dorsum and submetallic on the lateral margins and on the
venter. The abdomen is predominantly yellow pilose with black hairs on the genitalia and
over terga five to eight. The ninth sternum is clavate almost half its length on the hind margin
and has a small U-shaped concavity at the middle of the hind margin and a membranous
gibbosity arising from the inner edge of the sclerite (Text-fig. 12), directly ventral to the aedeagus.
The claspers are slender and sharp-pointed. The ninth tergum has a V-shaped concavity on
the hind margin extending almost half the length of the segment (Text-fig. 13).

Length : Body and wings, 6-75-7-2 mm.

$. Exhibiting marked sexual dimorphism from the <$ and readily differentiated by its
brilliant yellow-orange thorax and coxae and the dark fumose wings. As seen from dorsal
view, the head is markedly narrowed posteriorly and the clypeus is well developed, slightly
longer than broad, also the front is about equal in width to one compound eye (Text-fig. 8).
As seen from lateral view, the portion of the head behind the compound eyes is equal in length
to approximately two-thirds the length of the eye and the head is shaped as in Text-fig. 7.
The wings are rather dark coloured, predominantly brown with the stigma only slightly darker
than the wing membrane. The venation is like that of the male.

Length : Body, 7-0-7-7 mm. ; wings, g-o-g-6 mm.

Holotype <^, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., edge of mixed forest above Sangu, c. 6,500',
ly.x-i.xi.igGi. (R. L. Coe). Allotype $, Taplejung Distr., Sangu, c. 6,200', swarming
around tents, 2.xi.ig6i (R. L. Coe). Twenty-six paratypes (eleven $, fifteen $) all
from Taplejung Distr., some same data as holotype and some same data as allotype,
others collected at Sangu, c. 6,200', on blooms of wild cherry, 15-18. xi.i96i ; others
between Sangu and Tamrang, deep river gorge, c. 5,200', x-xi.ig6i and same data
as above except shrubs by path, c. 5,800', 6.xi.i96i.

Holotype $, allotype $ and fifteen paratypes are in the British Museum (Natural
History). The remainder of the paratypes are being deposited in the collections of
the United States National Museum, B. P. Bishop Museum and the University of
Hawaii.

Bibio affiniproximus n. s.p.

(Text-figs. 14-20)

This species would appear to fit near proximus Brunetti according to the keys
which Brunetti has published for the Indian species. B. affiniproximus is readily
differentiated by having the wings entirely hyaline except for the dark brown to black
stigma and by having the posterior veins colourless, instead of having the wings
rather uniformly yellow with the posterior veins coloured darker than the membrane.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL

It is also characterized by having the rostrum distinctly produced and the cardo
stipites well developed (Text-fig. 14), also by the more elongate pile on the eyes and
the mesonotum ; the polished black legs ; and by having the r-tn crossvein approxi-
mately equal in length to the base of the radial sector.

1.74 mm.

FIGS. 14-20. Bibio affiniproximus n. sp. Fig. 14, head of $ ; Fig. 15, head of $ ; Fig. 16,
wing ; Fig. 17, hind leg of <J ; Fig. 18, front tibia ; Fig. 19, £ genitalia, ventral ; Fig. 20,
<J genitalia, dorsal.

<J. Head : By comparison the head is quite elongate, the rostrum is distinctly produced in
front of the eyes, this distance is equal or slightly greater than the combined lengths of the scape
and pedicel of the antenna. The cardo stipites are very well developed and conspicuous.
These fuse ventrally (zygostipes) and form an extension of the rostrum which is about equal in
length to the three basal segments of the flagellum of the antenna (Text-fig. 14) . The prementum
is well developed, is almost as wide as the labellum, and is fused on each side with the bases of
the first labial palpal segments. The segments of the palpi are rather short and thick, the apical
segment is scarcely longer than wide. The antennae are entirely black, the flagellum is appar-
ently eight-segmented with the last four segments closely joined and distinctly enlarged,

12 D. ELMO HARDY

clavate (Text-fig. 14). The entire head is densely black haired, the hairs over the compound
eyes are two or more times longer than the height of the ocellar triangle (Text-fig. 14). Thorax :
Entirely submetallic black, except for the yellow humeral ridges and for a faint tinge of rufous
in the ground colour of the pleura. The pile is entirely black. The mesonotum is finely rugose
on the sides and down the median portion and is shining in these areas, the dorsocentral lines
are opaque black. The scutellum and metanotum are polished black. Legs : Predominantly
metallic black except for the yellow to rufous tibial claws, and entirely black pilose. The
inner spur of the front tibia is approximately three-fourths as long as the outer (Text-fig. 18).
The basal two-fifths to one-half of the hind femur is attenuated ; the hind tibia is more gently
clavate (Text-fig. 17). The tibia and femur are approximately equal in width. The tarsi are
not swollen, the basal segment is five to six times longer than wide. Wings : Entirely hyaline
except for the dark brown stigma. The anterior veins are brown, tinged with yellow, the pos-
terior veins are colourless. The costa ends at the tip of the radial sector. The r-m crossvein
is approximately equal in length to the basal section of the radial sector and veins M1 and Mz
fork at or slightly before the m crossvein. Veins M2 and M3+4 evanesce before reaching the
wing margin (Text-fig. 16). It is obvious that the position of the forking of veins M2 and M1
is somewhat variable. In the paratype male, on one wing the forking is at the m crossvein,
on the other it is slightly beyond ; in the allotype the forking is at or very slightly beyond
the m crossvein. Abdomen : Metallic black on the venter, subopaque black on the dorsum
and entirely black pilose. The ninth sternum is approximately as broad as long and has a
semi-membranous gibbosity in the middle of the posterior margin (Text-fig. 19). Theclaspers
are rather slender and pointed. The ninth tergum is approximately two times wider than
long and has a U-shaped concavity in the middle of the hind margin which extends approxi-
mately two-fifths the length of the segment (Text-fig. 20).
Length : Body, 5-0 mm.; wings, 4-6 mm.

$. Exhibiting considerable sexual dimorphism from the male. As seen from direct dorsal
view the sclerotized portion of the head is almost two times longer than wide. The portion of
the head posterior to the compound eyes is about equal in length to one eye and the sclerotized
portion in front of the eye (rostrum) is about two-fifths as long as one eye. As seen from lateral
view the head is shaped as in Text-fig. 15. The sclerotized portion of the head and appendages
is black, the mouth parts are yellow, tinged with brown. The thorax is entirely yellow except
for a tinge of brown on the anteromedian portion of the mesonotum, on the lower portions of
the pleura, and on the metanotum. The sclerites at the wing base are dark brown to black.
The halteres are yellow-brown. The mesonotum is covered with short yellow setae and the
scutellum has yellow setae around its hind margin. The pleura are bare or nearly so. The
coxae are yellow, the hind margin of each posterior pair is tinged with brown. The trochanters
are yellow, tinged with brown to black posterobasally. The front femur is entirely yellow
except for a tinge of brown on the base of the segment. The middle femur is yellow, tinged
with brown along the dorsal surface, and the hind femur is shining black, tinged with yellow
along the ventral portion. The middle and hind tibiae are metallic black. The basal half of
the front tibia is brown, tinged with yellow, the apical portion is yellow to rufous. The inner
spur of the front tibia is three-fourths to four-fifths as long as the outer. The hind legs are
normal in shape for $ Bibio. The wings are faintly yellow in colour, this is more distinct along
the costal margin. The posterior veins are just slightly darker than the wing membrane.
The venation is similar to that of the male. The terga of the abdomen are dark brown, the
conjunctiva and the sternum are yellow. The cerci are yellow-brown.

Length : Body, 4-3-4-6 mm. ; wings, 6-0 mm.

Holotype <$, allotype $, and one paratype <$, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., edge of
mixed forest above Sangu, c. 6,500', I7.x-i.xi.ig6i. (R. L. Coe).

The holotype and allotype are in the British Museum (Natural History) collection.
The paratype is in the University of Hawaii collection.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 13

Bibio capitaneus n. s.p.

(Text-figs. 21-27)

This is the largest known species in the genus Bibio. It appears to be most closely
related to B. hortulanoides Brunetti and would run to this species in Brunetti's keys
(1911 : 273 and 1912 : 169). It should be noted, however, that in Brunetti's key to
Oriental species of Bibio (1925 : 447), this would run to obscuripennis de Meijere.
This is misleading since Brunetti's key does not include the males of hortulanoides
and he overlooked the most obvious characters for separating obscuripennis, using
only size to differentiate this species. B. capitaneus, as well as hortulanoides, is not
related to obscuripennis. The latter is readily differentiated by the narrow, linear-
sided front tibiae and blunt tibial spurs. (Refer to my remarks under Bibio nigerrimus
Duda). B. capitaneus is readily differentiated from hortulanoides by having the
wings, including the costal cells and anterior margin, completely hyaline, rather than
having the costal cells dark brown and cell R5 tinged with brown. B. capitaneus
also differs by being much larger ; having eleven, rather than nine, segments in the
antenna ; having the inner spur on the front tibia nearly one-half as long as the
outer, rather than rudimentary ; by the more elongate apical segment of the palpus ;
and the more thickened hind tarsi.

21

22

FIGS. 21-27. Bibio capitaneus n. sp. Fig. 21, hind leg of <$ ; Fig. 22, front tibia ; Fig. 23,
palpus ; Fig. 24, antenna ; Fig. 25, anterior margin of wing ; Fig. 26, $ genitalia, ventral ;
Fig. 27, ninth tergum of <J.

I4 D. ELMO HARDY

(J. Entirely shining black species, except for a tinge of rufous on the tibial spurs, and densely
covered with black pile. Head : The rostrum is not produced, the details of the mouthparts
are obscured by the dense black pile. The last segment of the palpus is long and slender
(Text-fig. 23), six times longer than wide (0-75 by 0-12 mm.) and slightly longer than the penulti-
mate segment (0-62 mm.). The antenna is ii-segmented, the last two segments are closely
joined (Text-fig. 24). The pile of the compound eyes is about two times longer than the height
of the ocellar triangle. Thorax : Entirely shining black except for a faint tinge of yellow in the
ground colour of the posterior portion of each humeral ridge. The mesonotum is finely rugose
on the sides and densely pilose except for a bare area down the middle and down the
outside of each dorsocentral line. The halteres are entirely black. The sclerites around
the wing base are polished black. Legs : The front tibia is slender, almost straight-sided,
only slightly bulged medianly, the inner spur is approximately one-half as long as the
outer (Text-fig. 22). The basal half of the hind femur is attenuated, the apical portion moder-
ately swollen. The hind tibia is gradually enlarged from base to apex and has a bare area
extending longitudinally down the posterodorsal surface. The hind femur measures 6-5 mm.
in length, the hind tibia 6-0 mm., at their widest points the two segments are approximately
equal in width. The hind basitarsus is about five times longer than wide (2-5 mm. long by
0-5 mm. wide) (Text-fig. 21) and is two-thirds as wide as the apex of the tibia. The apical
spurs of the hind tibia are sharp pointed. Wings : Entirely hyaline except for the brown
stigma. The costal cells and anterior margin of the wing are not infuscated. The anterior
veins including the humeral crossveins are brown, the posterior veins are colorless. The humeral
crossvein is very broad. The costa extends slightly beyond the apex of the radial sector.
The r-m crossvein is about one-third as long as the basal section of the radial sector (Text-fig. 25).
Veins Af x and M2 fork slightly before the m crossvein. Vein M3 evanesces just before the wing
margin. Abdomen : Entirely subshining black, densely black pilose. The ninth tergum is
two times wider than long, a broad U-shaped concavity extends about one-half the length of
the segment (Text-fig. 27). The claspers are rather slender, pointed at apices. The ninth
sternum is shaped as in Text-fig. 26.

Length : Body, 15-5 mm.; wings, 14-0 mm.

$. Unknown.

Holotype $ and one paratype ^ from NEPAL : Kharikhola, 5,500', I5.xi.ig6o
(L. Swan}.

Type in the California Academy of Sciences collection, paratype in the University
of Hawaii collection.

Bibio nigerrimus Duda
(Text-figs. 28-34)

Bibio tenebrosus var. nigerrima Duda, 1930, 4, Bibionidae, in Lindner, Fliegen der Palaearkt.
Reg. 4 : 43, 70. [This was spelled " nigerrimus " in the key, p. 43, and " nigerrima " in the
text, p. 70.]

In the recent revision of the Japanese Bibionidae (Hardy and Takahashi, 1960 :
440) I had decided that B. obscuripennis de Meijere and nigerrimus Duda were
synonyms of B. tenebrosus Coquillett. I have since had an opportunity of restudying
a large series of specimens from Nepal and from northern India as well as from
several localities in China and now feel that it is probable that a complex of species
exists which is very closely related to tenebrosus. These species are characterized
by the rather slender, almost linear-sided front tibia and the very broad blunt outer
spur ; also by the large size, and dark fumose wings. Typical tenebrosus are
characterized by having pale yellow pile over at least the pleura and the first two

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL

0. 7 mm

0 mm.

FIGS. 28-34. Bibio nigerrimus Duda. Fig. 28, hind leg of <$ ; Fig. 29, front tibia, dorsal ;
Fig. 30, front tibia, lateral ; Fig. 31, wing ; Fig. 32, antenna ; Fig. 33, ninth tergum of <$ ;
Fig. 34, <J genitalia, ventral.

abdominal segments ; also by having eleven distinct segments in the antenna.
Specimens from northern India, Nepal, and also Fukien, China, are completely black
pilose and have only ten segments in the antenna. Specimens from Nepal (niger-
rimus Duda) differ from those from northern India (obscuripennis de Meijere) by
having the ninth tergum of the male broadly U-shaped on the hind margin (Text-
fig- 33) rather than having a distinct V-shaped cleft on the hind margin as in
obscuripennis and also in tenebrosus. Also in nigerrimus the posterior veins of the
wings are concolorous with the grey wing membrane or but faintly yellow, and the
second costal cell, stigma, and the anterior veins are dark brownish black. In
obscuripennis and tenebrosus the posterior veins of the wing are brownish yellow,
distinctly darker than the wing membrane ; the second costal cell, stigma, and the
anterior veins are pale brown. I have studied specimens from the type locality of
nigerrimus (Chitlong, Nepal) in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, and have also
studied specimens from Darjeeling which were in the Naturhistorisches Museum
under B. obscuripennis. I have not dissected the male of a specimen from Darjeeling

16 D. ELMO HARDY

(the type locality of obscuripennis) and the dissected specimens used for this com-
parison are from the Mishmi Hills, Assam, India. These compare well with my notes
made on the Darjeeling specimens in the Naturhistorisches Museum.

This species is readily recognized by its large size, all black coloration and pilosity ;
by the distinctively shaped front tibiae and tibial spurs (Text-figs. 29, 30) ; by the
ten-segmented antenna (Text-fig. 32) ; by the smoky wings with dark brown to
black costal margin and stigma, and black anterior veins and almost hyaline posterior
veins (Text-fig. 31) ; also by the broadly U-shaped cleft on the hind margin of the
ninth tergum (Text-fig. 33). The hind legs are shaped as in Text-fig. 28.

I have not studied a female specimen but presume that the antennae would be
eleven-segmented and that they would differ from tenebrosus only by having all
black pile.

Length : Body, 12-0-13-0 mm. ; wings, 11-0-12-0 mm.

Type locality : NEPAL : Chitlong.

NEPAL : Taplejung District, 19 $ (R. L. Coe) ; edge of mixed forest above Sangu,
hovering about ten feet from ground in open spaces, c. 6,500', I7.x-i.xi.i96i ; below
Sangu, edge of small mixed wood, c. 6,000', 4.xi.i96i and mixed shrubs in deep
gorge, 5,200' ; and Sangu, mixed vegetation by stream in gully, ix-x.i96i, B.M.
(N.H.). NEPAL : Thari, 4,000', 24.x. 1960, 2 $ (L. Swan), in the California Academy of
Sciences collection.

Bibio scaurus n. s.p.

(Text-figs. 35-39)

This species fits near proximus Brunetti in Brunetti's keys, but differs distinctly
by having the hind femora and tibiae much more slender, the hind tarsi inflated, the
wings dusky fumose, and the pile of the thorax predominantly black. The rostrum
is also rather strongly produced and the hairs on the compound eyes more elongate
than in proximus. It also appears to be related to affiniproximus n. sp. but the
swollen hind basitarsi of the <£, yellow fumose wings with yellow-brown posterior
veins, larger size and other details will separate it.

cj. Head : Distinctly higher than long with the rostrum (sclerotized portion of the head
beyond the eyes) equal to the combined lengths of the first two to three flagellar segments of
the antennae. Also with the cardo stipites prominent, well developed (Text-fig. 39). The
hairs of the compound eyes are rather elongate, approximately equal in length to twice the height
of the ocellar triangle but are sparsely placed. The antennae are entirely black, the
flagellum consists of eight clearly defined segments. The last segment of the palpus is slightly
longer than the penultimate segment and is approximately four times longer than wide. The
pile of the under side of the head is entirely black. Thorax : Black haired except for yellow
pile on the propleura and on the meso and sternopleura. The mesonotum is subopaque black
except for the yellow humeral ridges, and for a tinge of yellow at the wing bases, shining and
smooth down each dorsocentral line, otherwise finely rugose. The halteres are dark brown to
black. Legs : Metallic black except for the yellow to rufous spurs of the tibiae, and except
for a faint tinge of rufous in the ground colour of the front femora and the middle tibiae. The
inner spur of the front tibia is approximately three-fourths as long as the outer (Text-fig. 36).
The hind legs are elongate, the tibiae and femora are slender, attenuated on their basal three-
fifths, clavate apically. The hind basitarsus is rather strongly swollen, distinctly thicker than

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL

FIGS. 35-39. Bibio scaurus n. sp. Fig. 35, hind leg of <$ ; Fig. 36, front tibia ; Fig. 37,
wing ; Fig. 38, head of $ ; Fig. 39, anterior portion of $ head.

the hind tibia and scarcely three times longer than wide (Text-fig. 35). Wings : Dusky fumose,
slightly darker along the costal margin. The stigma is dark brown. The anterior veins are
brown, the posterior veins are brown, tinged with yellow, distinctly darker than the wing
membrane. The r-^n cross vein is approximately two-thirds as long as the basal section of the
radial sector. Veins Mx and M2 fork slightly before the m crossvein and veins M2 and M3+4
extend to the wing margin. Abdomen : Shining black in ground colour, dusted with brown to
black pollen over the dorsal portion. The genitalia are subshining black. The abdomen is
completely black pilose. The genitalia have not been dissected for study. In situ the ninth
tergum has a rather deep V-shaped concavity on the hind margin, this apparently extends
slightly more than one-half the length of the segment. The claspers appear to be rather short
and blunt compared to most Bibio species.

Length : Body, 6-0 mm. ; wings, 6-5 mm.

$. Showing marked sexual dimorphism from the male. Head : Elongate, as seen from
dorsal view the head is two times longer than wide. From a lateral view the portion of the

i8 D. ELMO HARDY

head behind the eye is approximately equal in length to the eye and the sclerotized portion in
front of the eye, measured at a level with the bases of the antennae, is also approximately
equal in length to the compound eye. The head is predominantly subopaque black, finely
rugose. The posteroventral portion is polished black and smooth. The head is yellow pilose
except for short brown to black hairs on the anterior portion of the front, and except for black
setae on the clypeus, antennae, palpi and mouthparts. The cardo stipites are well developed,
approximately equal in length to the two basal flagellar segments of the antennae. The scape
of the antenna is brown, faintly tinged with yellow, the pedicel is yellow ; the flagellum is
dark brown to black. The front margin of the head and the clypeus fit together forming a
gibbosity which extends anterior to the antennae bases (Text-fig. 38) . Thorax : The prothorax
is yellow except for a brown to black spot covering the median portion of the no turn. The
humeri and the humeral ridges are yellow. The mesonotum is largely black, the anterior
corners, the lateral margins, and the posteromedian portion are yellow ; also a thin yellow
vitta extends down each dorsocentral line. The three large black areas, which are set off by
the yellow, are subopaque, finely rugose. The pleura are yellow except for the shining black
lower two-thirds of each sternopleuron ; a black spot at the base of each hypopleuron and one
at the lower anterior edge of pteropleuron. The sclerites at the base of the wing are also black.
The thorax is entirely yellow pilose. Halteres yellow. Legs : Predominantly yellow, tinged
with black over the dorsum of the swollen portion of each hind femur, and tinged with brown
over the dorsal surfaces of the mid and front femora. The tibiae are yellow except for a faint
tinge of brown at the apices of the hind pair and the tarsi are yellow, tinged with brown. The
front tibia is as in Text-fig. 36. The hind femur is attenuated on the basal one-half to two-fifths
of the segment. The hind tibia is not swollen. Wings : Faintly yellowed, more intensely so
along the anterior margin. The stigma is yellow, tinged with brown. The anterior veins are
brownish yellow, the posterior veins are yellow, faintly tinged with brown but distinctly darker
than the wing membrane. Distinct pale brown spots occur at the base of vein M3+4, over
the m crossvein, and over crossvein r-m and the base of the radial sector (Text-fig. 37). The
wing venation is similar to that of the <J. Abdomen : Shining brown to black over the dorsum,
brown, tinged with red on the first four to five sterna and yellow on the posterior sterna. The
genitalia are yellow.

Length : Body and wings, 9-0-9-6 mm.

Holotype $ and allotype <j>, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., damp evergreen oak forest
above Sangu, c. 8,500-9,200', 2-26. xi. 1961 (R. L. Coe), in the British Museum
(Natural History).

Bibio totonigra n. sp.

(Text-figs. 40-44)

This species superficially resembles B. nigerrimus Duda because of the all-black
body and appendages and the smoky black wings. The two are not related however,
and totonigra is readily differentiated by the slender spurs at the apices of the front
tibiae ; by having the r-m crossvein almost equal in length to the basal section of the
radial sector ; as well as by many other details. In the key it fits near ablusus n. sp.
but is differentiated by the elongate terminal segment of the palpus, the all black
pile, smoky black wings, and other characters.

cJ. Entirely black species with the body and appendages covered with black pile. Head :
The rostrum is not developed, the front margin of the head is not produced beyond the eye
margins. The antennae are eleven-segmented, the apical two are closely joined (Text-fig. 41).
The apical segment of each palpus is slender, slightly longer than the preapical segment, and
six or seven times longer than wide. Thorax : The lower portion of each sternopleuron is
polished black, the pleura are otherwise subshining, finely rugose. The mesonotum is pre-

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 19

dominantly opaque black with long black pile on the margins and down each dorsocentral line
and is rather coarsely rugose down the median portion and on the sides. The scutellum and
metanotum are polished black. Legs : Entirely shining black, densely black haired. The
inner spur on the front tibia is about three-fourths as long as the outer (Text-fig. 42). It should
be noted that the left front tibia of the type is abnormal. This segment is considerably shrivelled,

40

4.0 mm.

. 7 5 mm.

42

44 i

75mm.

FIGS. 40-44. Bibio totonigra n .sp. Fig. 40, wing ; Fig. 41, antenna ; Fig. 42, front tibia ;
Fig. 43, ninth tergum of $ ; Fig. 44, <$ genitalia, ventral.

much shorter than normal and the inner spur is rather poorly developed. The normal develop-
ment of the more elongate inner spur is borne out by the second specimen at hand. This speci-
men was not chosen as the type since the abdomen and the hind legs have been broken off. The
spurs of the middle and hind tibiae are approximately equal in size and shape. The hind femora
are clavate, attenuated on their basal halves. The hind basitarsi are straight-sided, not
noticeably thickened, and nearly two times longer than the second tarsal segment. Wings :
Entirely dark colored, black along the anterior margin, smoky black over most of the membrane.
The base of Rs is slightly longer than the r-m crossvein. The m crossvein is situated about its
own length from the forking of veins Ml and M2. Veins M2 and M3+4 evanesce just before the
wing margin (Text-fig. 40). Abdomen : Entirely subshining black, densely black pilose. The
claspers are slender, rather sharp pointed, the ninth sternum is cleft about half its length and a

20 D. ELMO HARDY

pair of small submedian bumps are present on the hindmargin. The basal half of the sternum
is semi-membranous down the median portion (Text-fig. 44). The ninth tergum is shaped as in
Text-fig. 43, a small mound is present in the middle of the hind margin.

Length : Body, 8-9 mm. ; wings, 9-3 mm.

? unknown.

Holotype <$, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., damp evergreen oak forest above Sangu,
c. 9,200', 2-26. xi. 1961 (R. L. Coe). One paratype <$, same data as type.

Type in the British Museum (Natural History), paratype in the University of
Hawaii collection.

Genus DILOPHUS Meigen

Philia Meigen, 1800, Nouv. Class. Mouches : 20. [A rejected name.]
Dilophus Meigen, 1803, Illiger's Mag. 1 (2) : 269.

Members of this genus are characterized by having two or three sets of strong
spines on each front tibia (Text-fig. 46) and by the simple radial sector of the wing
with the basal section of Rs short compared to the r-m crossvein (Text-fig. 50) .

The genus has not previously been reported from Nepal, two species are now known
to occur there.

Type species : Tipula febrilis Linnaeus.

Dilophus gratiosus Bigot
(Text-figs. 45-47)

Dilophus gratiosus Bigot, 1890, /. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 59 : 265.

This is the only species of Dilophus which has previously been recorded from the
Himalaya region. Brunetti recorded it from several localities in northern India and
Upper Burma (1911 : 280 and 1912 : 178). It has been differentiated by the pre-
dominantly black body and legs of the male, the predominantly red thorax of the
female, the short rostrum and the presence of yellow pile over the body and legs.
Two $ specimens on hand appear to be typical gratiosus ; they were not associated
with the male and may possibly be the females of the new species hirsutus ; on the
basis of the wing and leg characters, however, this seems unlikely.

The following descriptive notes are based upon two females from NEPAL, and one
<$ from INDIA : Chhatoru, Spiti Valley, 11,000', i6.vi.i955 (A. P. Kapur).

o*. Entirely shining black, the body and legs are pale yellow pilose except for dark pile on the
tarsi. The thorax is sparsely pilose, with short yellow hairs. Brunetti in his redescription
(1912 : 178) said that the posterior margin of the scutellum and the sides of the metapleura are
bright brownish yellow, on the specimen at hand there is only a rather faint indication of yellow
to rufous in the ground colour of the sides of the scutellum. The rostrum is not produced beyond
the bases of the antennae and the sclerotized portion of the head in front of the eyes, measured
at the antennal bases, is approximately equal in length to the first two flagellar segments of the
antenna. On the specimen at hand the legs are entirely shining black, the claws are brownish
red. Brunetti described the legs as reddish brown. The front tibia has a transverse row of
four short spines arranged at the middle of the segment (Text-fig. 46). The leg segments are
rather slender, the hind basitarsi are about half as long as the tibiae. The wings are subhyaline,
faintly yellowish along the costal margin ; the stigma is pale brown. The base of the radial

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL

sector is approximately one-half as long as the r-m crossvein (Text-fig. 47). The $ genitalia
have not been dissected for study.

The $ head is polished black, smooth, the front is approximately equal in width to one
compound eye. The head is slightly longer than wide, as seen from lateral view it is as in
Text-fig. 45. The thorax is predominantly rufous, typically with a dark brown to black vitta
extending down the anteromedian portion. The coxae, trochanters, and the first two pairs of

46

.6 mm.

£
E

CD

47

I. 0 mm.

FIGS. 45-47. Dilophus gratiosus Bigot. Fig. 45, head of $ ; Fig. 46, front tibia ; Fig. 47,

middle portion of wing.

femora are yellow to rufous. Each middle femur is tinged with brown at the apex. The hind
femur is yellow to rufous on the basal two-thirds, shining brown to black on the apex. The
tibiae and tarsi are shining black. The tibial spines are slightly larger, more prominent than in
the (J. The wings are yellow fumose, darker along the costal margin. The stigma and anterior
veins are dark brown, the posterior veins are yellow, tinged with brown. The venation is similar
to that of the £. The abdomen is brown to black on the dorsum, rufous, faintly tinged with
brown on the venter. The cerci are dark brown.

Length : Body and wings, 3'5-3'75 mm.

Type locality : Dharamsala, western Himalayas. Type in the Indian Museum.
The two $ specimens on hand are from NEPAL : Ghanpokhara, 5,500-7,000',
2. v. 1954 (/. Quintan).

22

D. ELMO HARDY

Dilophus hirsutus n. sp.

(Text-figs. 48-51)

This species is somewhat similar to gratiosus Bigot but differs by having the basal
section of the radial sector very short, approximately one-fifth as long as the r-m
crossvein, rather than being approximately one-half as long as the r-m ; by having
the body and legs densely black pilose, rather than sparsely pale pilose ; by having
spines at the middle of the front tibia differently arranged as in Text-figs. 49 and 46 ;
and the hind basitarsus comparatively short (Text-fig. 48). Also the wings of the
male are distinctly fumose and the costal vein extends about half the distance
between the apices of the Rs and Mx (Text-fig. 50).

cJ. Entirely shining black species, including the appendages, and densely covered with black
pile. Head : The eyes are densely covered with moderately long black pile, the hairs are
approximately two times longer than the height of the ocellar triangle. The head beyond the
eyes is very short, completely obscured by the dense black pile of the front of the head. The
palpi are very short and inconspicuous, only two or three short segments are visible on the
specimens at hand and the labellum is not extended. The flagellum of the antenna is made up
of six to seven segments, the apical segments are closely fused and the apical portion is distinctly
enlarged, clavate. Thorax : Predominantly polished black, finely rugose down the median

. 2 5 mm.

FIGS. 48-51. Dilophus hirsutus n. sp. Fig. 48, hind leg ; Fig. 49, front tibia ; Fig. 50,

wing ; Fig. 51, <$ genitalia, ventral.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 23

portion and on the sides of the mesonotum, also on the pleura and the scutellum. The meso-
notum has an abundance of long black hairs on the sides and down the dorsocentral lines. The
scutellum is densely black haired around the margin. The pile of the pleura is dark brown to
black. The halteres are brown, tinged with yellow on the stems. Legs : Polished black,
densely black pilose except for a few scattered yellow ventral hairs on the apical one-half to
three-fifths of the hind femur. Four dorsal spines are arranged near the middle of the front
tibia ; these are arranged as in Text-fig. 49. The apical spur is equal in size to the apical spines.
The hind basitarsus is slender, but rather short, scarcely over one-fourth as long as the tibia
(Text-fig. 48). Wings : Faintly infuscated, the anterior veins and stigma are dark brown, the
posterior veins are yellow, tinged with brown. The base of the radial sector is approximately
one-fifth as long as the r-m cross vein and the fork of veins Ml and Mz is well beyond the m
crossvein (Text-fig. 50). The costa extends approximately one-half the distance between the
apices of the radial sector and vein Mv Abdomen : Shining black, rather slender, covered with
black pile on the basal four segments and yellow pilose on the apical four segments and on the
genitalia. The genitalia as seen from ventral view are as in Text-fig. 51, the cleft on the postero-
median margin of the ninth sternum is rather shallow and the claspers are rounded, blunt at
apices. The ninth tergum is damaged on the specimen which has been relaxed for study. It
appears to be about one-half wider than long with a gentle concavity on the posterior margin.

Length : Body, 3-5 mm. ; wings, 4-0 mm.

$ unknown.

Holotype <£ and eight paratypes <$, E. NEPAL : S. of Makalu, 5.ix.i954, 13,500'
(L. W. Swan).

Type and four paratypes in the California Academy of Sciences, two paratypes
are being deposited in the British Museum (Natural History), and two in the collection
of the University of Hawaii.

REFERENCES

BRUNETTI, E. 1911. New Oriental Nematocera. Rec. Indian Mus. 4 : 269-281.

- 1912. Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Diptera Nematocera.
Taylor and Francis, London. 581 pp. 12 pis.

- 1925. Notes on Oriental Bibionidae with descriptions of new species. Rec. Indian Mus.
27 : 443-450-

HARDY, D. E. 1953. Studies on Oriental Bibionidae : New species of Plecia and Penthetna
and a revision of the Plecia impostor complex (Bibionidae : Diptera). Rec. Indian Mus.
50 (i) : 89-104.

- 1956. The Walker types of Bibionidae (Diptera). /. Kans. ent. Soc. 29 (3) : 85-91.

- 1958. The Plecia of the Pacific and Southeast Asia (Bibionidae-Diptera). Pacif. Sci.
12 (3) : 185-220.

HARDY, D. E. and M. TAKAHASHI. 1960. Revision of the Japanese Bibionidae (Diptera,
Nematocera). Pacif. Ins. 2 (4) : 383-449.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL

AGROMYZIDAE

By K. A. SPENCER

SYNOPSIS

This paper is based on 34 specimens collected by R. L. Coe during the 1961-62 British Museum
Expedition to East Nepal. Eight species are represented. Two of these are described below
as new, one being placed in a new genus, Lemurimyza ; five were previously known from the
Oriental region and one, Phytoliriomyza australensis Spencer, has previously only been recorded
in Australia and Tahiti.

REFERENCES not included will be found in full in my synopsis of Oriental species
(Spencer, 1961).

Genus JAPANAGROMYZA Sasakawa
Japanagromyza trispina (Thomson) comb. nov.

Agromyza trispina Thomson, 1869.

Agrontyza variihalterata Malloch, 1914. syn. nov.

Japanagromyza variihalterata (Malloch) Spencer, 1960 : 17.

Taplejung Dist., Sangu, c. 6,200', i $, ix-x.ig6i.

I have recently examined the holotype of Agromyza trispina in the Naturhistoriska
Riksmuseum, Stockholm. This is a female in good condition which is clearly
identical with the widespread Oriental species, /. variihalterata (Malloch) ; varii-
halterata is therefore synonymized with trispina herewith. The type locality of
trispina is given as " China ", and is presumably somewhere on the southern seaboard ;
/. variihalterata was described from Formosa.

Genus MELAN AGROMYZA Hendel
Melanagromyza metallica (Thomson)

Agromyza metallica Thomson, 1869.
Melanagromyza metallica (Thomson) Spencer, 1959.

Arun Valley, Tumlingtar, East shore of Riv. Arun below Tumlingtar, 1,800', i<$,
2 £, 14-23. xii. 1961. Taplejung Dist., Dobhan, c. 3,500', Riv. Maewa, i<$, 2.1.1962 ;
Sangu, c. 6,200', i $, 16-29. x. 1961 '• I ?» ix-x.i96i.

The biology of this widespread species has recently been clarified. In November
1962 I found larvae in stems of Ageratum conyzoides L. at Delhi but failed to breed
any adults ; in January 1963 V. K. Sehgal, who was collecting with me at Delhi,
found some more larvae in the same host (India : Bihar, Namkum, Ranchi,) and
the adults sent to me for examination proved to be metallica. Sehgal has subse-
quently bred the species also from Bidens pilosa L. and it no doubt also occurs in
other Compositae.

Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Ent. 16 (i), 1965.

26 K. A. SPENCER

Melanagromyza phaseoli (Tryon)

Oscinis phaseoli (Tryon) Spencer, 1895.
Melanagromyza phaseoli (Tryon) Spencer, 1959.

Taplejung Dist., between Sangu and Tamrang, c. 5,500', i $, 23.x. 1961.

Genus CERODONTHA Rondani

Nowakowski (1962) has recently transferred the sub-genus Icteromyza from
Phytobia to Cerodontha and I here follow this new classification.

Cerodontha (Icteromyza) duplicata (Spencer), comb. nov.

Phytobia (Icteromyza) duplicata Spencer, 1961.

Taplejung Dist., between Sangu and Tamrang, shrubs by path, c. 5,800', i <£, i $,
6.xi.T_96i ; dense vegetation in tree shade by hill stream, 3 <£, 3 $, 23.x. 1961 ; Sangu,
c. 6,200', mixed vegetation by stream in gully, 2 $, I $, ix-x.i96i and xi. 1961-1.1962 ;
on yellow blooms of cultivated Composite, 2 <£, 16-29. x. 1961 '> below Sangu, c. 4,000',
mixed vegetation on sheltered slopes above river, i <$, 2 $, 3.1.1962 ; river banks
below Tamrang bridge, c. 5,500', i <£, x-xi.i96i ; edge of mixed forest above Sangu,
c. 6,500', 3 $, I7.x.-i.xi.i96i.

This series represents the second record of this species which was described from
a single male from INDONESIA : Flores.

Genus LIRIOMYZA Mik

Liriomyza compositella Spencer
Liriomyza compositella Spencer, 1961.

This leaf -miner on Compositae is widespread in the Oriental Region. In November
1962 I bred a long series from leaf-mines on Xanthium strumarium L. at Delhi.

LEMURIMYZA gen. n.

(Lemuria and myza)

(Text-figs. 52-58)

Frons broad, one and a quarter to twice width of eye, two upper fronto-orbital bristles, one
lower ; orbital setulae minute, proclinate, upright, reclinate or lacking ; acrostichals sparse,
in only two rows ; small species, wing length 1-75 to 2-3 mm. ; sub-costa reaching costa inde-
pendently of vein rlt costa extending to vein M1+2, second crossvein present. Colour : head
largely yellow, third antennal segment yellow or black ; mesonotum black but with yellow
patch in centre before scutellum ; scutellum yellow, at least centrally ; halteres black or yellow.
^ GENITALIA : distiphallus in form of characteristic paired tubules (Text-figs. 53, 56, 58),
mesophallus dark, cylindrical, surstyli separated by wide suture from ninth tergite, bare or with
a few hairs and/or spines, linked to basal end of ninth tergite by strong, black, comb-like process
(Text-figs. 54, 57, 59) ; ninth sternite with narrow side-arms, somewhat elongated ; spermal sac
either minute (as in enormis, Spencer, 19636 : fig. ic and dorsata) or more normal (as in
admirabilis, fig. 55).

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL

27

Type species : Liriomyza enormis Spencer, 19636 : 114 by present designation.

This genus appears to occupy an intermediate position between Liriomyza Mik
and Phytoliriomyza Hendel. The orbital setulae are intermediate between the
distinctly reclinate setulae of Liriomyza and the distinctly proclinate setulae of
Phytoliriomyza. The form of aedeagus approaches that found in some species of
Phytoliriomyza, such as P. lurida Spencer from Brazil (Spencer, 19630 : 379). In
many species of Phytoliriomyza the halteres are partially darkened. The shape of
the head is more typical of Liriomyza.

The genus Lemurimyza can be included in the author's (1961 : 57) key to Oriental
genera by amending and extending couplet 8 as follows : second alternative, for
Liriomyza Mik read SA ; add new couplet :

8 A Halteres dark brown ; if yellow, orbital setulae incurved, sparse or lacking

Lemurimyza Spencer
— Halteres yellow ; orbital setulae distinctly reclinate . . Liriomyza Mik

54

55

FIGS. 52-55. Lemurimyza admirabilis sp. n. : Fig. 52, head ; Fig. 53, aedeagus and ninth
sternite, ventral view ; Fig. 54, surstylus ; Fig. 55, spermal sac.
(Scale line represents o-i mm. for genitalia drawings).

28 K. A. SPENCER

Four species can immediately be grouped into this genus : Liriomyza enormis
Spencer from Madagascar ; L. admirabilis sp. n. from Nepal described below ; and
Agromyza dorsata Siebke and A. pectoralis Becker from Europe.

These four species can be identified by the following key :

1 Halteres dark, brownish-black . . . . . ... . . 2

— Halteres pale, yellow ........... 3

2 Third antennal segment yellow ....... enormis (Spencer)

— Third antennal segment black ...... admirabilis sp. n.

3 Palps yellow . . . . . . . . . dorsata (Siebke)

— Palps black .......... pectoralis (Becker)

Lemurimyza enormis (Spencer) comb. nov.
Liriomyza enormis Spencer, 19636. Holotype <$ in Musee d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

This species was originally placed in Liriomyza with some hesitation in view of its
dark halteres and aberrant genitalia. With the discovery of a further closely related
species in Nepal, with the same essential characters, the erection of a new genus is
clearly justified.

Lemurimyza admirabilis s.p. n.

(Text-figs. 52-55)

Head (Text-fig. 52) : frons broad, twice width of eye viewed from above, not projecting above
eye in profile ; two equal, reclinate ors, one slightly weaker, incurved ori ; orbital setulae
minute, sparse, upright ; third antennal segment rounded, arista long, appearing bare.

Mesonotum : 3 + 1 dorso-centrals, acrostichals sparse, in two rows at front, not extending
behind third dc.

Wing : length in male 1-75 mm., costa extending strongly to vein m1+2, discal cell large with
vein rm at midpoint, last section of vein ws+4 not greatly longer than penultimate, in ratio 18 : 13.

Colour : frons and jowls orange yellow, lunule paler, more lemon yellow ; face yellowish-
grey ; third antennal segment black, second dark, blackish but distinctly paler with a trace of
yellow, third yellow ; mesonotum matt black, with a small oval area adjoining scutellum yellow,
not extending to level of first dorso-central ; scutellum yellow centrally, gradually becoming
grey laterally ; notopleural area yellow, mesopleura yellow above, black below (exact colour
not detectable, owing to damage to specimen) ; sternopleura black below with broad yellow
upper margin ; legs appearing entirely black but fore-femora somewhat yellow on inside ;
abdomen entirely black ; squamal fringe black ; halteres black.

c? GENITALIA : aedeagus as in Text-fig. 53 ; distiphallus with paired terminal processes,
mesophallus dark, blackish, cylindrical, distinctly broader at base, equal in length to distiphallus ;
hypophallus in form of two narrow, somewhat irregular ventral appendages arising from base
of mesophallus ; ninth sternite with narrow side-arms, elongate (Text-fig. 53) ; surstyli (Text-
fig. 54) a black, comb-like process adjoining ninth tergite, then broadening apically into a large
flat plate ; spermal sac with rather broad blade, stalk narrow (Text-fig. 55).

Holotype <$, NEPAL : Taplejung Distr., river banks below Tamrang bridge, c. 5,500'
x.-xi., 1961 (R. L. Coe), in British Museum (Nat. Hist.).

Lemurimyza dorsata (Siebke) comb. nov.

Agromyza dorsata Siebke, 1864. Holotype $ in Zoologisk Museum, Oslo.

Liriomyza striata Hendel, 1931-6 : 249. syn. nov. Holotype 9 in Naturhistorisches Museum,
Vienna.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL

Material examined : AUSTRIA : Vienna, meadows beside Danube, i $, 5.vi.
(Hendel), holotype of striata. CZECHOSLOVAKIA : Tatra, i <$, genitalia slide 925,
(Kertesz). ENGLAND : Staffs., Madeley, i £, genitalia slide 880, 25.vii.

FIGS. 56-61. Lemurimyza dorsata (Siebke) : Fig. 56, aedeagus, ventral view ; Fig. 57,
surstylus ; Lemurimyza pectoralis (Becker) : Fig. 58, aedeagus, ventral view ; Fig. 59,
surstylus. Phytomyza nepalensis sp. n. : Fig. 60, head ; Fig. 61, wing.
(Scale line represents o-i mm.).

3o K. A. SPENCER

1926 (H. Britten). FINLAND : Helsinki, i $, genitalia slide 927, no date (R. Frey).
NORWAY : Jerkin, i <$ (abdomen missing), 27^11.1853, holotype of dorsata ; Fjell-
froskvann, i <$, 23.vii.i926 (Ryden, 1957).

The distinctive aedeagus and surstyli of this species are shown in Text-figs. 5, 6.

Hendel (1931-6 : 203) incorrectly synonymized Agromyza dorsata with Phytolirio-
myza perpusilla Meigen. Ryden (1955) similarly synonymized A. dorsata with
Phytoliriomyza halterata Becker, which at that time was thought to be identical with
perpusilla. This confusion arose understandably from the similarity of these species
on external characters. Clarification has only been possible with recent study of
the male genitalia.

Lemurimyza pectoralis (Becker) comb. nov.

Agromyza pectoralis Becker, 1908 : 167. Holotype $ in Zoologisches Museum, Berlin.
Liriomyza pectoralis (Becker) Hendel, 1920 : 144 ; 1931-6 : 241.

I have examined the holotype from the CANARY ISLANDS : Tenerife and the
characteristic aedeagus and surstyli are shown in Text-figs. 58, 59.

This species is widespread but local in the Mediterranean area. I caught a series
of 12 specimens on the lower slopes of Mt. Etna, Sicily on 8-9.^.1964.

Genus PHYTOLIRIOMYZA Hendel
Phytoliriomyza australensis Spencer

Phytoliriomyza australensis Spencer, I9&3A : 335.

Phytoliriomyza tahitiensis Sasakawa, 1963. syn. nov. [from description and figures].

Arun Valley, East shore of R. Arun below Tumlingtar, c. 1,800', swept from
Ricinus communis L., i $, 23.xii.i96i. Taplejung Dist., Sangu, c. 6,200', mixed
vegetation by stream in gully, 2 J, xi. 1961^.1962.

This species was previously only known from various localities in New South
Wales.

Genus PHYTOMYZA Fallen

Phytornyza nepalensis sp. n.

(Text figs. 60-6 1 )

Head (Text-fig. 60) : frons exceptionally broad, slightly over twice width of eye at foremost
ocellus, not significantly projecting above eye in profile ; orbits unusually broad, well-differen-
tiated, two equal, reclinate upper orbital bristles, one similar incurved lower orbital ; eye
upright, oval, jowls deepest in centre, one-quarter vertical height of eye, cheeks well-developed
below eye ; third antennal segment almost round, arista short.

Mesonotum : acrostichals irregularly in two rows at front, not extending to second dorso-
central ; inner post-alar strong, similar to fourth dc.

Wing (Text-fig. 61) : length 2-1 mm., costal ratio 30 : 12 : 16, second section just less than
twice length of fourth.

Colour : an entirely black species ; orbits, mesonotum and abdomen brilliantly shining.

DIPTERA FROM NEPAL 31

Holotype $, Nepal, Taplejung Distr., c. 6,500', edge of mixed forest above Sangu,
I7.x.-i.xi.i96i (R. L. Coe), in the British Museum (Natural History).

This species somewhat resembles Phytomyza hendeli Hering (cf. Hendel, 1931-6 :
413), a leaf -miner on Anemone in Europe but is obviously distinct, in view of its
darker head, more shining mesonotum and sparser acrostichals. No comparable
black species is known from Japan, nor from the Oriental and Australian regions.

REFERENCES

BECKER, TH. 1908. Dipteren der Kanarischen Inseln. Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl. 4 : 1-180.
HENDEL, F. 1920. Die palaarktischen Agromy ziden (Dipt.). A rchiv.Naturgesch. 84 : 111-175.

- 1931-6. Agromyzidae in Lindner. Flieg. pal. Reg. 59 : 1-570.

NOWAKOWSKI, J. T. 1962. Introduction to a Systematic Revision of the Family Agromyzidae

(Diptera). Ann. zool. Warsaw. 20 : 67-183.
RYDEN, N. 1955. Norska Agromyzider. Norsk ent. Tidssk. 9 : 230-234.

- 1957. Norwegische Agromyziden. 2. Astarte 14 : 1-4.

SASAKAWA, M. 1963. A Revision of the Polynesian Agromyzidae. Pacif. Insects 5 : 489-506.
SIEBKE, H. 1864. Beretning om en i Sommeren 1861 foretagen entomologisk Reise. Nyt.

Mag. Naturv. 12 : 169.
SPENCER, K. A. 1959. A Synopsis of the Ethiopian Agromyzidae. Trans R. ent. Soc. Land.

Ill : 237-329.

- 1960. Records of further Ethiopian Agromyzidae. ibid. 112 : 15-36.

- 1961. A synopsis of the Oriental Agromyzidae. ibid. 113 : 55-100.

- 1962. Notes on the Oriental Agromyzidae — i. Pacif. Insects 4 : 661-680.

- I963A. The Australian Agromyzidae. Rec. Aust. Mus. 25 : 305-354.

- 19636. Notes on the Agromyzidae of Madagascar — i. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B)
32 : 114-116.

- I963C. A synopsis of the neotropical Agromyzidae. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 115 : 291-

389-

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
BY THOMAS DE LA RUE &
COMPANY LIMITED LONDON

', /&

AUG1965

A SYSTEMATIC REVISION OF Tl"

AMENIINAE
(DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE)

R. W. CROSSKEY

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 16 No. 2

LONDON : 1965

A SYSTEMATIC REVISION OF THE

AMENIINAE
(DIPTERA : CALLIPHORIDAE)

BY

R. W. CROSSKEY

Yvj

Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, ^London

Pp. 33-140 ; 50 Text-figures

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 16 No. 2

LONDON: 1965

THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM

(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical Series.

Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.

In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer
papers was instituted, numbered serially for each
department.

This paper is Vol. 16, No. 2 of the Entomology
series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow
those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.

Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 1965

Price £i 155.

A SYSTEMATIC REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE
(DIPTERA : CALLIPHORIDAE)

By R. W. CROSSKEY

CONTENTS

Page

SYNOPSIS ........... 36

INTRODUCTION ........... 36

MATERIAL STUDIED .......... 37

METHODS EMPLOYED. ......... 37

Taxonomic characters, terms and measurements .... 37

Abbreviations .......... 40

RELATIONSHIPS AND SYSTEMATIC STATUS OF THE GROUP . . . 41

SUBFAMILY AMENIINAE ......... 45

Diagnosis and bibliography ........ 45

Key to the tribes of Ameniinae ....... 46

Systematic treatment ......... 46

TRIBE AMENIINI Brauer and Bergenstamm .... 46

Key to the genera of Ameniini ...... 47

Silbomyia Macquart ......... 50

Key to the species ........ 53

Descriptions of the species ....... 56

Platytropesa Macquart ........ 84

Key to the species ........ 85

Descriptions of the species ....... 85

Stilbomyella Malloch ......... 93

Key to the species ........ 95

Descriptions of the species ....... 95

Paraplatytropesa gen. n. ........ 98

Description of the species ....... 99

Amenia Robineau-Desvoidy . . . . . . . 100

Key to the species ........ 104

Descriptions of the species . . . . . . . 105

Formosiomima Enderlein . . . . . . . . 122

Description of the species . . . . . . . 124

TRIBE PARAMENIINI Enderlein 125

Paramenia Brauer and Bergenstamm . . . . . . 126

Key to the species ........ 127

Descriptions of the species . . . . . . . 128

SUMMARY OF REVISED CLASSIFICATION OF AMENIINE FLIES . . . 137

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . 138

REFERENCES ........... 139

36 R. W. CROSSKEY

SYNOPSIS

The Ameniinae are fully revised and their affinities discussed ; no evidence is found of affinity
with true Tachinidae, and contrary to usual practice the group is excluded from this family and
treated as a subfamily of Calliphoridae. Seven genera (one new) and thirty-one species (nine
new) are recognised ; five generic, eleven specific and one subspecific name are newly placed in
synonymy, and there are five new generic combinations. Keys are provided for the identifica-
tion of all genera and species, and a summary is given of the revised classification proposed.

INTRODUCTION

A GENERAL systematic study of the Tachinidae of the Oriental and Australian
regions currently in progress has necessitated a study of the Ameniine flies to
determine whether the group should, following the majority of authors, be included
in the true Tachinidae or whether its affinities lie with the Calliphoridae. Townsend
(1935, 1937) and van Emden (1950, 1951), departing from earlier work, placed the
group in the Calliphoridae, but Paramonov (1957) has more recently treated the
Ameniine flies as a tribe of Tachinidae allied to the Rutiliini ; in the present work
the group is treated, on the basis of evidence adduced in a later section, as a sub-
family of Calliphoridae. The Ameniinae is certainly an anomalous group, and has
been much neglected by specialists on higher Diptera ; apart from the scattered
papers of Malloch (1927, igaSa, igaSb, 1929, 1930, 1933, 1935) only the revisions
of Rutiliinae by Engel (1925) and Enderlein (1936), and a review of Australian
species by Paramonov (1957), have been available for identification. Unfortunately
neither Engel nor Enderlein saw the types of most of the species they discussed,
and both saw very little material, so that their work is much confused by mis-
identification, and most of the names in Hardy's (1938) key to the species of Amenia
are also misapplied. To unravel past confusion it has been necessary here to give
a full re-description of all species, especially since several species were hitherto
known only from a few brief lines in old scattered works of nineteenth-century
authors.

Thirty-seven previously described species are involved in this revision and the
holotypes or syntypes of thirty-five of these have been examined, thirty-two
personally and three (the types were not available on loan) by specialist colleagues.
Paratypes of one other species have been examined which are undoubtedly con-
specific with the holotype, and the type of the one remaining species is lost (Amenia
imperialis Robineau-Desvoidy, for which a neotype is designated on page 109).
A lectotype has been designated and labelled for each species without specified
holotype and based on syntypes, and the available syntypes left after lectotype
designation have each been labelled as paralectotype.

After examination of types only twenty-two of the thirty-seven previously
described species are upheld in the present work, giving, with the nine new species,
a total fauna of thirty-one species in the Ameniinae ; two of the previously described
species (Ptylostylum albomaculatum Macquart and Amenia dubitalis Malloch) are
accorded subspecific status only. The remaining thirteen names of previously

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 37

described species are here treated in synonymy, eleven being newly established
synonyms ; the one previously published subspecific name (enderleini Paramonov,
see p. 115) is also synonymized.

Of the fourteen described genera belonging in the Ameniinae only six are regarded
as valid ; one new genus is added.

MATERIAL STUDIED

No single institution has an extensive collection of Ameniine flies, and the present
work is based on a study of 746 specimens assembled from the following museums
(abbreviations given are those used throughout the text in the lists of material
examined) :

British Museum (Natural History), London (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; Deutsches
Entomologisches Institut, Berlin (D. Ent. Inst.) ; Division of Entomology Museum,
C.S.I.R.O., Canberra (Div. Ent. Mus. Canberra) ; Naturhistorisches Museum,
Vienna (Nat. Mus. Vienna) ; Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historic, Leiden
(Rijksmus. Leiden) ; School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Sydney
(S.P.H.T.M.) ; Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde, Stuttgart (Staatl. Mus.
Stuttgart) ; United States National Museum, Washington (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ;
Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen ; University Museum, Oxford
(Oxford Mus.) ; Zoologisch Museum, Amsterdam (Zool. Mus. Amsterdam) ;
Zoologische Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates, Munich (Zool. Sammlung, Munich) ;
Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin (Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ.).

METHODS EMPLOYED

Taxonomic characters, terms and measurements

At present only adult morphological characters are available for classification.
In many Calyptrate flies the male genitalia are of great value in providing specific
characters, but in the Ameniinae the male hypopygium is extremely uniform
morphologically (cf. Text-figs. 31-42) and is usually virtually indistinguishable even
in forms belonging in different genera and differing enormously on external charac-
ters. Only in a few species do the male genitalia provide valuable systematic
characters, and classification of the Ameniinae must at present be based almost
entirely on non-genitalic characters.

The head provides the most useful characters : terms used for head regions and
chaetotaxy are shown in Text-figs, i and 2, and the measurement points used in
determining the relative proportions of different head structures are shown in
Text-figs. 3-6. The following structural proportions often provide valuable specific
characters : length of facial carina (D) relative to epistome (E) or distance from
lunula to anterior ocellus (A) ; width of interfrontal area (B) relative to width of
parafrontal at corresponding point (C) (measured at level of lower proclinate orbital

INTERFRONTAL
AREA

R. W. CROSSKEY

PROCLINATE
ORBITAL SETAE

PREVERTICAL
SETA

PARAFRONTAL

INNER VERTICAL SETA

PARAFACIAL

FACIAL RIDGE

EPISTOME

POSTBUCCA

I 2

FIGS, i and 2. Head of an Ameniine fly showing terms used in text. Drawn from

Silbomyia latigena Enderlein.

seta since this provides fixed landmark) ; length of third antennal segment relative
to second (F to G) ; width of parafacial (H) at mid point relative to width of third
antennal segment (J) ; width of gena (K) as proportion of eye-height (L) ; width
of vertex (N) relative to one eye viewed from above (M) in females and males with
broad frons ; width of frons at narrowest point (P) as proportion of head width
(Q) in males with approximated eyes. Measurements A, B, C, H, and J have been
made with the head appropriately oriented so as to avoid foreshortening effect of
straight facial or profile view. Head chaetotaxy is of little or no value at specific
level, but presence or absence of outer vertical, prevertical and proclinate orbital
setae in males is of some value as a supporting generic character.

Thoracic chaetotaxy is very uniform and provides no useful characters except
that the position of the outer posthumeral seta (whether mesad or laterad of a
longitudinal line through the presutural seta — Text-figs. 9 and 10) is a secondary,
character supporting the distinction of two tribes ; however even this character
must be used with caution, since the outer posthumeral seta may be missing
altogether in some specimens. Similarly the presutural intra-alar seta may be
present or absent, but systematic importance cannot be attributed to this ; certain
setae may in freak specimens be duplicated (giving for instance five instead of the
normal four postsutural dorsocentral setae, or four instead of the normal three
sternopleural setae). The chaetotaxy of the legs is also uniform, but the presence

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE

39

FIGS. 3—6. Outline drawings of head of Ameniine fly showing measurement points used for
determining proportions of head structures. Lunula to anterior ocellus (A). Width
of interfrontal area (B) relative to parafrontal at level of lower proclinate orbital seta
(c). Length of facial carina (D) relative to epistome (E). Length of third antennal
segment (F) relative to second segment (G). Width of parafacial at mid point (H) relative
to width of third antennal segment (j). Width of gena (K) as proportion of eye-height
(L) . Width of vertex (N) relative to one eye viewed from above (M) in females and males
with broad frons. Frons width at narrowest (P) as proportion of total head width (Q)
in males with reduced frons and strongly approximated eyes.

or absence of postero-dorsal setae on the fore tibia and the number (whether one
or two) of postero-ventral setae on this tibia are of some generic value ; the number
of antero-dorsal setae on the mid tibia usually varies within a species, but is of some
value as a specific character in Paramenia.

40 R. W. CROSSKEY

In the wings the degree of infuscation is remarkably constant within a species
and differs between species, providing a useful character in Silbomyia. Wing
venation varies only in detail, in the forward bowing of the costa of the males of
some Amenia, in the remoteness of the bend of vein M from the wing margin and
the position of r-m cross-vein relative to the discal cell. Where appropriate,
measurements have been made of the relative proportions (see Text-fig. 17) of r-m
to m-cu, m-cu to bend of M, and bend to wing-margin (point of measurement on
the wing margin determined by where an imaginary line extended from M basad
of the bend intersects with the margin). A previously undiscovered character of
great use in denning Silbomyia is the presence of fine setulae on the ventral surface
of the second costal sector (Text-fig. 23).

Abdominal chaetotaxy is of very limited use : presence or absence of median
marginal setae on Ti + 2 is of some value in Silbomyia, and the unusual character
of an irregular row of marginal setae on T4 is diagnostic for Formosiomima. The
inclination (whether erect or recumbent) of hair on the tergites and the presence
of long dense hair on the venter of some males also provide characters. Abdominal
shape differs but provides a character difficult to define satisfactorily. The fifth
sternite of the <$ produces no bizarre developments such as occur in many Calyptrates
and is of almost no taxonomic value in Ameniinae, except to a limited extent in
Platytropesa.

The arrangement of white pollinosity on thorax and abdomen is very constant
within the species and often provides a dependable character ; colour of head
pollinosity and the underlying ground colour are also important. Thoracic and
abdominal colour vary in most species from green to violaceous, but colour provides
a useful character in Amenia and Paramenia where there is greater constancy.

Body length has been measured from the leading edge of facial carina to the
apex of the abdomen with fly viewed in profile, and the wing length measured
from the base of the epaulet.

Abbreviations

The abbreviations used in the keys and descriptions are as follows :

Thoracic setae : acr, acrostichal setae ; dc, dorsocentral setae ; ph, outer
posthumeral seta ; prs, presutural seta ; prst dc, presutural dorsocentral setae ;
prst ia, presutural intra-alar setae.

In describing the positions of setae on the legs the convention is followed of
imagining the leg to be extended at right-angles to the longitudinal axis of the fly,
when : a, anterior ; ad, antero-dorsal ; pd, postero-dorsal ; pv, postero-ventral.

Wings : m-cu, posterior cross-vein ; M, fourth vein ; R±, first vein ; Rz+3,
second vein ; -R4+5, third vein ; Sc, subcosta. Abdomen : T=tergite ; the
composite first apparent tergite is Ti+2, and successive tergites are numbered
accordingly, the last apparent tergite therefore T5 (as in Text-fig. 27).

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 41

RELATIONSHIPS AND SYSTEMATIC STATUS OF THE GROUP

Amenta and its allied genera were fiist given family-group status by Brauer and
Bergenstamm (1889), who erected the Ameniidae as " Gruppe XLVI " in their
classification of the " Muscaria Schizometopa ". Although given a family ending
the " Gruppen " of Brauer and Bergenstamm are approximately equivalent to tribes
in current classifications of Tachinoid Diptera, and no recent author has accorded
family status to the group. Brauer and Bergenstamm (1889) placed their Ameniidae
immediately before their groups Amphiboliidae (Gruppe XLVII) and Rutiliidae
(Gruppe XLVIII), and in their later systematic catalogue (Brauer and Bergenstamm,
1891 : 417-418) sandwiched the group between their Paradexiidae (Gruppe XXV)
on the one hand and their Amphiboliidae and Rutiliidae on the other ; such arrange-
ment clearly implied that Brauer and Bergenstamm considered the affinities of
Amenta and relatives to lie with the Dexillinae and Rutiliinae, groups now forming
part of the Tachinidae.

It is not surprising that Brauer and Bergenstamm should have reached this
conclusion, since the superficial resemblance between Ameniinae and Rutiliini (the
large size and metallic coloration and the heavily carinate face of most forms) is
very remarkable, but it must now be recognized that the resemblances are convergent
and that the affinities of the Ameniinae are almost certainly with the Calliphoridae
and not at all with the Tachinidae. It is of interest to note that Robineau-Desvoidy
had evidently recognized this in 1830, for in his " Essai sur les Myodaires " he
at first (p. 320) placed leonina Fabricius, type-species of Amenta, in Rutilia Robineau-
Desvoidy among his " Macropodees " but later in the same work (p. 444) assigned
this species to his new genus Amenta near Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy in his
" Muscides Me"talliques ", remarking that " C'est a tort que j'ai place cette belle
espece [leonina] parmi les Macropodees"; in moving leonina from his "Macro-
podees " to his " Muscides Metalliques " he was in effect moving it from a group
now considered Tachinidae to a group now considered Calliphoridae (Robineau-
Desvoidy has been the subject of unjustified obloquy by later dipterists but this
example underlines his remarkable eye for affinity).

In recent times only Townsend (1935, 1937), van Emden (1950, 1951) and Herting
(1957 : 441) have considered the affinities of the Ameniinae to lie with the Calli-
phoridae ; Townsend included Amenia and its allies in the Calliphorini, but gave
no reasons for this radical departure from their previous position in Tachinidae.
Van Emden (1950) drew attention to certain Calliphorid characters in the Ameniini,
especially the male hypopygium (Engel, 1925, although placing Silbomyia and
Paramenia in Rutiliinae, also noted the resemblance between the male genitalia of
these genera and those of Calliphoridae and Hall, 1948 : 7, remarked that inSilbomyia
" the form of the male genitalia is conspicuously calliphorid "). The slight develop-
ment of a swollen postscutellum in Ameniinae (which led Malloch, 1927, to include
the group in the Tachinidae instead of the Calliphoridae) is certainly an unreliable
indicator of affinity, for a slightly swollen postscutellum occurs in several undoubted
Calliphoridae, and that of the Ameniinae does not in any way resemble the very
strongly swollen and smoothly convex postscutellum characteristic of true Tachinidae.

42 R. W. CROSSKEY

Other external characters also support Townsend's and van Emden's view of
Ameniine affinities : a unique character of all Ameniinae not previously recorded
is the characteristic tuft of long black hairs on the anterior lappet of the metathoracic
spiracle (Text-fig. 8) ; no such tuft of hairs ever occurs in true Tachinidae, but
some Calliphorinae have a few hairs in this position (e.g. Catapicephala Macquart,

prs

10

/f

pv

\f

pv

II 12

FIGS. 7-12. 7. Ventro-apical view of $ terminalia of Ameniinae in situ, drawn from Amenia
sexpunctata Malloch. 8. Metathoracic spiracle in Ameniinae : anterior lappet with
characteristic group of long strong hairs. 9. Showing outer posthumeral seta (ph) in
Ameniini, lying mesad of presutural seta (prs). 10. Showing outer posthumeral seta (ph)
of Parameniini, lying laterad of presutural seta (prs). n. Posterior surface of fore
tibia of Platytropesa. 12. Posterior surface of fore tibia of Stilbomyella.

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 43

which closely resembles the Ameniinae and to some extent interconnects them with
the Calliphorinae).

The most telling evidence that the Ameniinae are not Tachinidae is provided by
what little is known of their biology. Townsend (1942 : 229) recorded that Amenta
was parasitic upon the Melolonthid beetles Lepidiota and Lepidoderma and this
record was accepted and repeated by van Emden (1950 : 196) but Hardy (1951 : 96)
has pointed out that the record is erroneous and derives merely from a supposition
in the economic literature given currency by Illingworth (1921 : 42) : the Ameniinae
are certainly not parasites of the grubs of these sugar-cane beetles. It is now
established from a brief note of Hardy (1951), later amplified by van Emden (1953),
that Amenta leonina larvae occur in snails, and these authors assume that the
Ameniinae are true parasites of living Mollusca, although this is not fully authen-
ticated by evidence so far available.

The Ameniinae are undoubtedly larviparous and the female terminalia (Text-fig. 7)
are typical of larviparous Calyptrate flies (see Herting, 1957 : 441-443) ; the post-
abdomen does not form a telescopic ovipositor as in typical Calliphorinae. There is
no doubt that the larvae of Ameniinae are retained in the uterus to a very advanced
stage of development (" macrolarviparity "), and it is obvious from the extensive
development of soft membrane between the terminal sclerites of the female abdomen
that it is modified for the deposition of very large larvae : probably only a single
larva develops at one time, as in the South American Mesembrinellinae (Calli-
phoridae) and the African Glossinidae. The little-known observation of Illingworth
(1921 : 42) supports this and deserves quotation : ' The fourth [species : i.e.
Amenta imperialis] is a brilliant green species with a bright yellow face . . . Dissection
of the females, however, showed that they still retained a few maggots of rather
large size ; and in one instance a maggot about f inch in length was dropped by a
fly that I was holding rather tightly ".

That the Ameniinae mature the larvae in utero and that the larvae attack snails
confirms beyond doubt that the group cannot be included in the Tachinidae, for all
true Tachinidae ( from which I exclude the Rhinophoridae parasitic upon terrestrial
Isopoda) are endoparasites of other insects in the larval stage and none retain the
larvae until nearly mature.

Some genera of Sarcophagidae are parasitic in snails, and despite the very great
superficial difference (the Ameniinae being large metallic flies) it is possible that the
Ameniinae are as closely related to the Sarcophagidae as to the Calliphoridae.
When more evidence is available on the biology of the group it may be better to
treat it as a full family situated between the Sarcophagidae and the Calliphoridae,
but for the present I consider it best to include it within Calliphoridae. Family
limits within the Tachinoidea (this superfamily as here used includes the Tachinidae,
Rhinophoridae, Sarcophagidae including Miltogrammatinae, and Calliphoridae) are
in need of revision, but an improved classification would probably result if the
peculiar groups such as Mesembrinellinae were treated as families : this curious
group (which despite the presence of hypopleural setae may not be Tachinoidea at
all) appears to be a Neotropical analogue to the Australian Ameniinae, also having

44 R- W. CROSSKEY

a non-telescopic female postabdomen and depositing mature larvae (Hall, 1948).

Zumpt (1956) includes the Sarcophaginae and Miltogrammatinae within the
Calliphoridae, and uses the position of the outer posthumeral seta (whether laterad
or mesad of the presutural seta) to distinguish these groups from Calliphorinae
(Calliphoridae proper) ; this character appears to work for African forms and
Palaearctic forms (Mesnil, 1944, uses it as a key character distinguishing Calli-
phorinae from Sarcophaginae), but present work casts some doubt on its value
when the world fauna is considered. In the Ameniinae the outer posthumeral seta
is almost always (tribe Ameniini) situated mesad of the presutural seta, but in
Paramenia (Parameniini) is inserted laterad of the presutural seta — so that on
Zumpt's (1956) key segregation by means of the outer posthumeral seta the Ameniini
would enter the Calliphorinae and the Parameniini would run to the Sarco-
phaginae. There is an impressive concordance of characters between Ameniini and
Parameniini (here jointly composing the subfamily Ameniinae) and it seems almost
certain that the Ameniinae is monophyletic ; if so, then the character of the position
of the outer posthumeral seta no longer appears a reliable one for subfamily
definition.

Another dubious character is that of the presence or absence of minute hairs on
the postorbits which Malloch (1935) remarked upon as a character distinguishing
most Calliphoridae from most Tachinidae, and which Hall (1948), under the name
" intrapostocular cilia " has used to distinguish all Sarcophagidae from most
Calliphoridae ; in Ameniine flies the intrapostocular cilia are usually present
(another typical Calliphorid character), but are variable and may or may not be
present in specimens of the same species.

It should be noted that Senior White, Aubertin and Smart (1940) omitted the
Oriental genus Silbomyia from their treatment of Oriental Calliphoridae, and
presumably considered it as lying outside the limits of this family. However,
they included Catapicephala Macquart in their Calliphorinae although this genus
shows several features tending towards Ameniinae and away from typical Calli-
phorniae (non-telescopic female postabdomen, weakly developed postscutellum,
few hairs on anterior lappet of metathoracic spiracle, etc.).

No entirely satisfactory characters appear to exist for defining supra-generic
taxa in the Calliphoridae (or indeed in any Calyptrate flies) but the Ameniinae as
here defined can be distinguished from other subfamilies reasonably easily by the
following abbreviated key:*

i Metathoracic spiracle with single large reniform lappet with dorsal opening. Vein
M with evenly rounded bend. Female postabdomen not forming telescopic
ovipositor. [Neotropical Region] .... MESEMBRINELLINAE

Metathoracic spiracle with normal anterior and posterior lappets. Vein M with
bend distinctly angulate. Female postabdomen usually forming telescopic
ovipositor. [All regions] .......... 2

* Sarcophagidae and Rhinophoridae, sometimes treated as Calliphoridae, are here regarded as
separate families, and Pollenia and allies (sometimes treated as separate subfamily) are included in
Calliphorinae.

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 45

2 Stem-vein of wing with long fine setulae posteriorly on upper surface. Subalar bulla

sometimes setulose .... RHINIINAE and CHRYSOMYIINAE

- Stem-vein of wing bare. Subalar bulla always bare ...... 3

3 Anterior lappet of metathoracic spiracle with a conspicuous backwardly-directed

tuft of long hairs (Text-fig. 8) . Postscutellum forming a definite convex swelling
which is micro-rugose and shows slight trace of shallow median incision. Female
postabdomen non-telescopic, modified for deposition of mature larvae. Head
almost always with very strong facial carina separating antennae and reaching
epistome. [Apparently parasites of living land snails, Oriental and Australian
Regions] AMENIINAE

- Anterior lappet of metathoracic spiracle bare or at most with a very few small

inconspicuous hairs. Postscutellar region not at all convex or at most with
rudimentary trace of swelling, not as above. Female postabdomen forming a
telescopic ovipositor (some exceptions). Head without a facial carina or at most
with rudimentary trace of carina between antennal bases. [Not parasites of
snails. All regions] . CALLIPHORINAE

Subfamily AMENIINAE

DIAGNOSIS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

AMENIINAE Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1889

Medium-sized or large, usually metallic, Calliphoridae characterized as follows :
Primary characters : Metathoracic spiracle with characteristic group of strong hairs
on anterior lappet (Text-fig. 8), anterior lappet a little narrower than posterior one.
Postabdomen of female not forming an extensible telescopic ovipositor. Weak
convex postscutellum developed, showing trace of median incision and micro-rugose.
Head almost always with very large facial carina. Additional characters : Eyes
bare. Parafacials bare. Arista long plumose. Subalar bulla bare. Supra-
squamal ridge bare. Lateral declivity of postalar callus densely long haired.
Supraspiracular convexity bare. Propleuron and prosternum almost always
setulose. Prostigmatic seta present. Prothoracic spiracle always dark brown.
Stem-vein of wing bare. Vein M bent angularly forwards. Abdominal sternites
very broad and exposed, in female almost always with spinous setae and often in
male. Male hypopygium as in Calliphorinae.

Immature stages and biology : Almost unknown. Probably larvae parasitic in
land snails (Mollusca), females larviparous and retaining larvae in utero to near
maturity. Larvae and puparium undescribed.

Distribution (map 2, p. 136) : Oriental and Australasian Regions, excluding Tasmania
and New Zealand. Eastward distribution ending abruptly at Bismarck Archipelago,
absent from Solomon Islands and other Pacific islands. Unknown from Ceylon
but possibly occurring there.

Type-genus : Amenia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830.

AMENIIDAE Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1889, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 56 : 81, 150,
151. Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1891, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 58 : 309, 398. Brauer
and Bergenstamm, 1893. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 60 : 109.

46 R. W. CROSSKEY

AMENIINI Malloch, 1927, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 52 : 342. Malloch, 1928, Proc. Linn. Soc.

N.S.W. 53 : 329, 614. Malloch, 1929, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 54 : 285. Malloch, 1930,

Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55 : 101. van Emden, 1950, Entomologist's mon. Mag. 86 : 189,

196. van Emden, 1953, Entomologist's mon. Mag. 89 : 120. Paramonov, 1957, Ann. Mag.

nat. Hist. (12) 10 : 52. [Ameniini + Parameniini] Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dtsch.KolonMus.

Bremen 1 : 398, 436, 446.
AMENIINAE Malloch, 1933, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 58 : 74. Mesnil, 1939, Essai sur les

Tachinaires : 22, 50. Mesnil in Lindner, 1944, Flieg. Palaearkt. Reg. &4g : 18, 20. Hardy,

1951, Entomologist's mon. Mag. 87 : 96.

KEY TO THE TRIBES OF AMENIINAE

Head with a very strong facial carina separating antennae. Hind tibia with a pv
apical seta. Outer posthumeral seta* situated mesad of presutural seta (Text-
fig. 9) AMENIINI

Head without a facial carina. Hind tibia without a definite pv apical seta. Outer
posthumeral seta* situated laterad of presutural seta (Text-fig. 10), or sometimes
about in line with it PARAMENIINI

SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT
Tribe AMENIINI Brauer and Bergenstamm
AMENIIDAE Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1889, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien 56 : 150.

DIAGNOSIS. Ameniinae with following characters : Head with facial carina.
Prescutum with outer posthumeral seta situated mesad of presutural seta (Text-
fig. 9). Hind tibia with PV apical seta. Prosternum and propleuron densely haired
(latter occasionally bare in Stilbomyella) .

Type-genus : Amenia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830.

Twelve described genera belong in the Ameniini but it is concluded from study
of the type-species that only five of these can be upheld as valid, viz. Silbomyia
Macquart, Platytropesa Macquart, Stilbomyella Malloch, Amenia Robineau-Desvoidy,
and Formosiomima Enderlein. These genera, together with one new genus here
described, can be distinguished by the key which follows. The genera Megaloprepes
and Spinthemyia described by Bigot (1859) both have a setulose ventral surface to
the second costal sector and other Silbomyia characters and are treated in synonymy
with this genus ; Enderlein's (1936) genera Liostiria and Doleschallius are not
distinguishable from Platytropesa and Stilbomyella respectively and are synonymized
accordingly ; Ptylostylum of Macquart (i85ia, b) is an isogenotypic synonym of
Amenia, and Neoamenia Malloch and Chaetamenia Enderlein (both with type-species
not generically distinguishable from that of Amenia} are placed in synonymy with
Amenia.

* This seta occasionally absent on one or both sides.

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 47

The affinities of the recognized genera of Ameniini are discussed under the appro-
priate generic headings. Platytropesa and Stilbomyella are superficially similar and
future discovery of new species may break down the generic distinction maintained
in this paper, but for the present it appears best to treat them as separate genera.

Distribution. Range of tribe coincident with that of Ameniinae as a whole.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF AMENIINI

Ventral surface of costa setulose between apices of veins Sc and R1 (Text-fig. 23).
Scutellum with a pair of very strong erect spiniform preapical setae, set close
together just dorsad of the cruciate apical setae. Fore tibia with two strong pv
setae (except in timorensis) . Frons of $ very broad and equal in width to that of $ ;
$ always with very strong outer vertical, pre vertical and proclinate orbital setae, as
in $. [Oriental Region except for one species in Queensland]

SILBOMYIA Macquart (p. 50)

Ventral surface of costa bare between apices of veins Sc and R1 (Text-fig. 22). Scutel-
lum without erect spiniform preapical setae. Fore tibia with one submedian pv
seta. Frons of $ sometimes broad as in $, but <$ eyes often very strongly approxi-
mated ; (J with or without outer vertical, prevertical and proclinate orbital setae.
[Australasian Region] ........... 2

Gular region of head strongly swollen, prominent and conspicuous in profile (Text-
fig. 24). Hind coxa bare on postero-dorsal surface. Middle part of anterior
surface of mid femur with one strong isolated seta. Vibrissae of $ inserted level
with or slightly below epistomal margin (Text-fig. 13), directed upwards and
inwards. $ frons broad as in $, with outer vertical, prevertical and proclinate
orbital setae PARAPLATYTROPESA gen. n. (p. 98)

Gular region of head normal, not prominently swollen and visible in profile. Hind
coxa setulose on postero-dorsal surface externally (bare in some specimens of
Stilbomyella). Middle part of anterior surface of mid femur almost always with a
group of two or more strong setae clearly differentiated. Vibrissae of <$ inserted
well above level of epistomal margin (Text-fig. 14), directed more or less horizontally
and crossed. <$ frons narrower than that of $ (except in Platytropesa), although
eyes not always strongly approximated, <J usually without outer vertical, prevertical
or proclinate orbital setae .......... 3

Fore tibia with two or three small but distinct pd setae (Text-fig, n). Facial ridges
with fine setulae extending more than half way (<$) or about half way (9) up their
length, in profile reaching far beyond level of apex of antenna. Frons about
equal in width in both sexes. <$ with outer vertical, prevertical and sometimes
proclinate orbital setae. Facial carina very strikingly sexually dimorphic, very
enlarged (Text-fig. 14) in $ with anterior surface flattened and sides pinched-in
towards one another. Antennae elongate and in deep foveae, much longer in
both sexes than width of gena . . . PLATYTROPESA Macquart (p. 84)

Fore tibia without pd setae (Text-fig. 12) . Fine hairs above vibrissae confined to lower
quarter of each facial ridge, in profile only extending at most a little beyond apex of
antenna. Frons narrower in $ than $, <J eyes often very strongly approximated
and frons reduced. £ without prevertical and proclinate orbital setae, almost
always without definite outer vertical setae. Facial carina not noticeably sexually
dimorphic. Antennae short and usually in shallow foveae, usually not much longer
than width of gena ........... 4

R. W. CROSSKEY

Mesonotum entirely metallic, without marginal white spots. Body form distinctly
elongate, abdomen ovate and in mid line as long as or longer than greatest breadth
(Text-fig. 26). Cross-vein r-m situated almost exactly at middle of discal cell.
Setae of head and mesonotum strongly developed. Anterior margin of wing
broadly dark brown infuscate, infuscation extending posteriorly to vein Rt+5.
Interfrontal area, facialia, antennal foveae and antennae black-brown or dark
reddish-brown. [Moluccas, New Guinea and New Britain]

STILBOMYELLA Malloch (p. 93)

Mesonotum with three pairs of large white-pollinose marginal spots. Body form
short and broad, abdomen subquadrate and by measurement shorter in mid line
than its greatest breadth (Text-fig. 25). Cross- vein r-m situated well before
middle of discal cell, distance from r-m to m-cu 1-3-1-7 times as great as that
between r-m and basal cell. Setae of head and mesonotum usually fine and weak,
those of frons often mostly hair-like. Wing clear hyaline except for dark brown
infuscation at extreme base over basal cells. Interfrontal area, facialia, antennal
foveae and antennae (except rarely for basal segments) yellow or orange. [Australia
only] . . ... 5

Abdominal T4 with a regular row of almost evenly spaced marginal setae. Sutures
between abdominal tergites normal, fully formed. Sternites with strong setae,
often distinctly spiniform. Scutum without submedian white spots. Abdomen
predominantly metallic with white pollinose areas or spots

AMENIA Robineau-Desvoidy (p. 100)

Marginal setae of T4 not forming a regular transverse row, arranged in widely spaced
pairs with each pair standing on a large black spot (Text-fig. 27). Abdominal
tergites partially fused, sutures between hindmost visible tergites indistinct and
without breaks in dense pollen cover. Sternites without strong setae but with
moderately long strong hair. Scutum with a pair of large submedian white spots.
Abdomen predominantly and thickly pale pollinose with a pattern of bold black
spots (Text-fig. 27) . . . . FORMOSIOMIMA Enderlein (p. 122)

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE

49

13

14

15

16

FIGS. 13-16. Figs. 13 and 14. Facial view of head of (13) <$ Paraplatytropesa gen. n., and
of (14) o* Platytropesa Macquart, latter drawn from specimen without proclinate orbital
setae. Figs. 15 and 16. Facial outlines of head structure in (15) Platytropesa simulans
sp. n. and (16) Platytropesa auriceps Macquart, latter with inner eye margin angulate at
point indicated by arrow.

50 R. W. CROSSKEY

SILBOMYIA Macquart, 1843

Silbomyia Macquart, 1843, Mewi. Soc. Sci. Lille, Annee 1842 : 274. Dipteres Exot., 2, pt. 3 :
117. Type-species : Musca fuscipennis Fabricius, 1805, by subsequent designation of Engel

(1925)-
Stilbomyia Agassiz, 1846, Nomen. Zool. Index Univ. : 353. [Unjustified emendation of Silbomyia

Macquart ; see Articles 32 and 33 of International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 1961.]
Megaloprepes Bigot, 1859, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2) 11 : 309. Type-species : Megaloprepes albono-

tatus Bigot, 1859, by monotypy. syn. n.
Spinthemyia Bigot, 1859, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2) 11 : 309. Type-species : Spinthemyia fulgida

Bigot, 1859, by monotypy.

DIAGNOSIS. Ventral surface of costa setulose between apices of veins Sc and Rl
(second costal sector). Frons very broad and equal in both sexes, <$ eyes not at
all approximated. <£ with strong outer vertical setae and two pairs of strong
proclinate orbital setae as in $. Sternites 2-4 in both sexes with strong spinous
setae, these sternites in ^ never with very long dense hair.

DISCUSSION. For the past century this genus has usually been referred to (Brauer
and Bergenstamm, 1889 ; Wulp, 1896 ; Engel, 1925 ; Malloch, 1927, i928a, i928b,
1929, 1930, 1935 ; Enderlein, 1936 ; Paramonov, 1957) by the name Stilbomyia,
an emendation of Silbomyia attributable to Agassiz (1846) ; in recent years only
Townsend (1931, 1935, *937) has followed the original spelling.

Macquart erected the genus Silbomyia for Musca fuscipennis and Musca micans
of Fabricius (1805). The former is type-species of the genus by designation of
Engel (1925), not by designation of Brauer and Bergenstamm (1889) as given by
Townsend (1937, p. 172) : fuscipennis Fabricius is cited by Brauer and Bergenstamm
(op. cit.) as an example of Silbomyia and their citation is therefore not acceptable
as a fixation of the type-species in view of Opinion 98 (Brauer and Bergenstamm)
rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Engel's
(1925) citation of fuscipennis Fabricius as type-species is the earliest acceptable
type-fixation for Silbomyia Macquart.

Engel (1925), who did not see the Fabricius types (now in the Universitetets
Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen), considered micans Fabricius and fuscipennis
Fabricius to be synonymous, but Townsend (1931) has correctly pointed out that
Engel was mistaken. The $ holotype of Musca micans Fabricius lacks the facial
carina and other Silbomyia characters, and Townsend (1931) was correct in assigning
micans to the genus Catapicephala Macquart ; this genus does not belong in the
Ameniinae and micans is therefore excluded from consideration in this paper.

Bigot (1859) erected the genera Megaloprepes and Spinthemyia, both monotypic
for new species from Celebes, viz. M . albonotatus Bigot and 5. fulgida Bigot respec-
tively. Townsend (1937, p. 153 and p. 172) has stated that the types of these species
are lost, but the types of both from the Bigot collection are in the British Museum.
Brauer (1898) recorded seeing S. fulgida in his account of the Bigot types (" Original-
exemplaren "), and the specimen he saw (now in B.M. Nat. Hist.) is labelled " Type "
and " Brauer WIEN CVII (No. 123) ", the number being the serial number of
fulgida in Brauer 's paper : this specimen is undoubtedly the holotype of S. fulgida

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 51

Bigot. Brauer's papers on the Bigot's types omit any mention of Megaloprepes
albonotatus and this is probably the basis for Townsend's assumption that the type
is lost, but there are three specimens from Celebes in the British Museum collection
which were formerly part of Bigot's collection and which were presented to the
B.M. Nat. Hist, by the late G. H. Verrall in 1904 ; these specimens agree fully with
Bigot's description of Megaloprepes albonotatus and there are no other specimens in
the entire Bigot collection (which is now in the B.M. Nat. Hist.) which could in any
way fit his description of Megaloprepes. I therefore consider it justified to regard
these three specimens from the Bigot collection, since they are from Celebes and
exactly fit the description, as the original type material and to designate a lectotype
from them accordingly.

The holotype of Spinthemyia fulgida Bigot and the lectotype of Megaloprepes
albonotatus Bigot are in my view congeneric with Silbomyia fuscipennis (Fabricius),
type-species of Silbomyia, and Megaloprepes and Spinthemyia are here treated as
synonyms of Silbomyia.

Silbomyia Macquart is easily distinguished from other genera of the Ameniini by
the setulose ventral surface of the costa between the apices of veins Sc and Rv
This character (Text-fig. 23) at once easily distinguishes Silbomyia from Amenia
Robineau-Desvoidy, genera which Paramonov (1957) suggests are not convincingly
separable on real taxonomic grounds. However almost all the species placed in
Silbomyia by Paramonov (1957), and previously by Malloch (1927, 1930), and
occurring in Australia are not true Silbomyia, since they have the second costal
sector bare on the ventral surface and lack other characters of Silbomyia ; 5. minor
Malloch is the only known species of Silbomyia occurring in Australia, the other
Australian species previously included in this genus belonging in Platytropesa
Macquart or Stilbomyella Malloch.

The species of Silbomyia show an extremely close uniformity, which extends to the
male genitalia ; these are more or less indistinguishable even in species which are
obviously distinct on other characters. The species differ mainly in the proportions
of the head structures, particularly the relative widths of the parafrontals and inter-
frontal area and in the size and shape of the frontal carina ; these characters are
clearly very constant and certainly provide good specific criteria. In this work
fifteen species are recognized, of which seven are described as new ; ten previously
described species belong in Silbomyia of which eight are upheld as good species,
two names falling in synonymy. S. hoeneana Enderlein from China and 5. sauteri
Enderlein from Formosa are extremely close and may prove to be identical, but
for the present there is insufficient evidence on which to synonymize these names.

Wulp (1896) placed twelve names under Silbomyia, but only four of these are truly
assignable to this genus (fuscipennis Fabricius, fulgida Bigot, prospera Walker,
nitidissima Vollenhoven) ; of the other eight names, five belong in the Ameniinae
in Platytropesa and Stilbomyella and are dealt with later in this paper. The remain-
ing three species are not Ameniinae at all and belong as follows : micans Fabricius
in Catapicephala Macquart ; infixa Walker and fumipennis Walker in Hypopygiopsis
Townsend. These last three names also appear under Silbomyia in Bigot's (1892)

52 R. W. CROSSKEY

catalogue of Oriental Diptera. Both Wulp (1896) and Engel (1925) were in error
in treating prospera Walker and nitidissima Vollenhoven as synonyms of fulgida
Bigot ; they are both synonymous with albonotata Bigot, not with fulgida.

Attention should be drawn here to confusion existing among the syntypes of
5. latigena Enderlein and 5. sauteri Enderlein, type-material of which is mainly in
the Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, but some also in the Zoologisches Museum
der Humboldt-Universitat and in the British Museum (Natural History) . Enderlein
(1936) described these species from a long series of specimens collected by H. Sauter
in Formosa, applying the name 5. latigena to a species with a yellow postocular area
(" Schlafen lebhaft goldgelb ") and the name 5. sauteri to another with a silvery
postocular area (" Schlafen . . . silberweiss "). He described in addition S. sauteri
var. viridis Enderlein for green, instead of the typical violet or dark blue, specimens
of sauteri. All the type-material of both species, consisting in all of 58 specimens,
has been examined and it is clear that two closely allied species are involved which
differ considerably in the structure and proportions of the facial carina ; in one
the carina (especially in the male) is long, narrow and somewhat " pinched-in "
and in the other is broader, forming a more distinct ridge, and not at all pinched in.
Forms with the long narrow carina have a yellow or at least silvery-yellow postocular
area and it is clear, although Enderlein did not mention the carina character, that
the name latigena Enderlein applies to this species ; the name sauteri applies to
the species with short carina and silver postocular area. Lectotypes have been
designated to fix these names.

Enderlein did not designate a holotype for either species, but labelled a number
of each as " type " and a number of other specimens of each species as " cotype ".
Unfortunately he did not correctly segregate the two species, and as a result seven
specimens labelled as types or cotypes of 5. sauteri End., and three specimens labelled
as types and cotype of sauteri var. viridis End. are actually specimens of S. latigena
End. and not of sauteril A determination label has been affixed to each of these
specimens identifying it as latigena with the additional words " labelled as sauteri
in error by Enderlein ". Almost all the types of the two species agree with the
data published by Enderlein, but there are a few slight discrepancies ; nonetheless
it appears justifiable to consider all the specimens actually labelled by Enderlein,
whether described as a type or a cotype, as forming the syntypic series. The
specimens chosen as lectotypes of the two species conform fully with the information
published with the original descriptions, and each correctly labelled syntype remain-
ing after lectotype selection has been labelled as a paralectotype. It should be
noted that the specimens of S. latigena erroneously labelled by Enderlein as sauteri
are nonetheless paralectotypes of sauteri although actually belonging to the other
species. In addition to the syntypic material of 5. latigena and S. sauteri bearing
Enderlein's labels I have seen a further long series of specimens from the Sauter
collection which have very similar or identical data with that on the syntypes but
have not been labelled by Enderlein ; there is no evidence that these additional
specimens were seen by Enderlein and I am therefore not regarding them as forming
part of the syntypic series.

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 53

Distribution : Silbomyia, except for a single species from northern Queensland, is
an entirely Asiatic genus and the only genus of Ameniini occurring in the Oriental
Region (map i). The genus is widely distributed from India eastwards through
China to Formosa, and south-eastwards through the Malay peninsula to eastern
Indonesia and the Philippines. In Indonesia the eastern limit of distribution is in
Celebes (where two species occur that are found nowhere else) and Timor ; so far
as is known at present true Silbomyia is absent from the Molucca Islands, Aru and
New Guinea, where the closely related genera Platytropesa and Stilbomyella occur.
The last two genera do not occur west of the Moluccas, and in eastern Indonesia
there is therefore no area of overlap between Platytropesa and Silbomyia ; in
Queensland however Silbomyia minor Malloch occurs together with a species of
Platytropesa. The occurrence of this one species of Silbomyia in Australia is puzzling,
for it appears to be widely isolated from Timor and Celebes, the nearest known
areas where Silbomyia occurs. The complete absence of Silbomyia from New
Guinea makes it appear probable that Silbomyia reached Queensland by a route from
Timor through Northern Australia rather than through New Guinea (whence, on the
other hand, Platytropesa almost certainly reached Australia) ; no Silbomyia are
yet known from the Northern Territory of Australia but it is likely that the genus
occurs there.

The evidence so far available suggests that each major island of the East Indian
archipelago possesses a species of Silbomyia which is endemic on that island and
occurs nowhere else or only on other very nearby islands : thus S. fuscipennis
(Fabricius) is confined to Java and Sumatra, 5. sumba sp. n. to Sumba, S. metallica
sp. n. to Borneo, 5. palawana sp. n. to Palawan, and 5. philippinensis to the
Philippine Islands other than Palawan. Two species, S. albonotata (Bigot) and
S. fulgida (Bigot), are confined to Celebes.

KEY TO THE SPECIES

1 Genal hair black. Upper parts of parafrontals dark metallic brassy green or

violaceous, strongly contrasting in colour with whitish pollinose lower parts of
parafrontals. Facial carina, antennal foveae, epistome and third antennal
segment entirely or largely pale brown or blackish brown .... 2

Genal hair pale to golden yellow. Parafrontals all yellowish, upper parts not dark
metallic and with yellow ground colour. Facial carina, antennal foveae, epistome
and third antennal segment pale yellow or orange ...... 3

2 Interfrontal area twice as wide as a parafrontal. Mesonotum all brilliantly metallic,

non-pollinose. Wings uniformly dark brown. Abdominal T3 without discal
setae. Q* third antennal segment 6-0 times as long as second segment and facial
carina 4-1-4-7 times as long as epistome. [Celebes] S. albonotata (Bigot) (p. 56)

Interfrontal area narrow, at narrowest point no wider than a parafrontal. Mesono-
tum thinly white pollinose on prescutum, notopleura and areas of supra-alar
setae. Wings not evenly dark brown, the infuscation heavier near the veins than
elsewhere. Abdominal T3 with discal setae. <$ third antennal segment 3-3-3-7
times as long as second segment and facial carina 2-8-3-4 times as long as epistome.
[Philippine Islands] . . . . . . S. philippinensis sp. n. (p. 58)

54 R- W. CROSSKEY

3 Postorbits entirely pollinose, upper ends at most only appearing slightly shining in

some lights. Mesonotum whitish pollinose marginally, pollinosity most con-
spicuous seen from behind. Interfrontal area dull, without a sheen. Wings
with dark brown infuscation heaviest along the veins, or dark brown anteriorly
and evenly fading to clear hyaline posteriorly (except in fuscipennis) . [Not from
Celebes] ............. 4

Upper ends of postorbits bare shining metallic dark greenish or purplish black.
Entire mesonotum brilliantly metallic, no pollinosity visible in any light. Inter-
frontal area with characteristic golden sheen. Wings uniformly dark brown.
[Celebes] S. fulgida (Bigot) (p. 60)

4 Abdominal tergite 1 + 2 with a pair of strong median marginal setae . . 5

- Abdominal tergite 1 + 2 without median marginal setae ..... 6

5 Upper occiput thickly pale yellow pollinose, not at all metallic. Postorbits pale

yellow pollinose. Hair of lower parts of paraf rentals pale yellow. Interfrontal
area 3-2 times as wide as a paraf rental. Seta on second antennal segment fine
and weak, much shorter than arista. [Sumba] . . S. sutnba sp. n. (p. 62)

- Upper occiput greenish metallic in most lights, only thinly whitish pollinose. Post-

orbits silvery white pollinose. Parafrontal hair all black. Interfrontal area
2-3 times as wide as a parafrontal. Seta on second antennal segment very strong,
as long as arista. [Palawan Island] ... S. palawana sp. n. (p. 63)

6 Gena exceptionally broad, about four-ninths or almost one-half (0-43-0-49) of eye-

height. Head very strikingly sexually dimorphic (£ not known in minor but this
character almost certain to hold true for this species). Wings largely clear
hyaline, only infuscate antero-basally. Very small species, length 6-6-9-9 mm. 7

- Gena narrow, at most just over one-third (0-35) of eye-height. Head not or only

slightly sexually dimorphic. Wings evenly dark brown infuscate or infuscation
heaviest along veins, largely clear hyaline only in timorensis . Larger species,
length almost always more than 1 1 mm. ....... 8

7 Upper occiput thickly white pollinose, not appearing at all metallic in any light.

White pollinosity on prescutum very conspicuous, extending back to and ending
abruptly at transverse suture. Dorsum of T3 with conspicuous white pollinosity.
Third antennal segment of ? 3-5 times as long as second segment. Antennae in $
inserted far above level of eye middle, extremely elongate, third segment 7-5
times as long as second segment. <$ facial carina over one and a half times as long
as distance from lunula to anterior ocellus. Length 8-9-9-9 mm. [India]

S. parvula Baranov (p. 64)

- Upper occiput very thinly whitish pollinose, appearing dark greenish metallic in

most lights. White pollinosity on prescutum only very inconspicuous near
anterior margin and disappearing well before transverse suture. Dorsum of T3
without conspicuous white pollinosity. Third antennal segment of $ elongate,
4-7 times as long as second segment, ^unknown. Length 6-6 mm. [Queensland]

S. minor Malloch (p. 66)

8 Fore tibia with two strong pv setae. Wings dark brown infuscate, either evenly or

infuscation heaviest along veins. [Not from Timor] ..... 9

Fore tibia with only one pv seta. Wings dark brown only antero-basally, remainder

of wings almost clear. [Timor] ... S. timorensis sp. n. (p. 67)

9 Wings very uniformly dark brown, infuscation not concentrated along veins or

weaker in cells. Bend of vein M unusually remote from wing margin, dis *ance from
bend to margin at least 3-1 times as great as that between m-cu and bend.
[Sumatra to Lombok] ........... 10

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 55

- Wings with dark brown infuscation most concentrated along veins and paler in cells,

not evenly darkened. Bend of vein M nearer to wing margin, distance from bend
to margin not more than twice that between m-cu and bend. [Not from Sumatra
to Lombok] ............ n

10 Postorbits pale to golden yellow. Veins R2+3 and Rt+5 unusually strongly bowed

forwards (Text-fig. 18), cell .fi^ therefore very strongly tapering apically. Distance
from bend of vein M to wing margin 3-5-4-0 times as great as that between m-cu
and bend. Antennae elongate, third segment 4-5 times as long as second segment
in § and 6-2 times as long in o* ; facial carina correspondingly elongate, 4-5 times
as long as epistome in $ and 6-2-6-6 times as long in <J. [Java and Sumatra]

S. fuscipennis (Fabricius) (p. 68)

Postorbits silvery whitish. Veins Rz+3 and Rt+& not strongly bowed forwards, cell
Rt broader and less strongly tapering. Distance from bend of vein M to wing
margin 3-1 times as great as that between m-cu and bend. Antennae shorter, third
segment 3-2 times as long as second segment in $ (not known for <$) ; facial carina
shorter, 2-7 times as long as epistome in $ (not known for <J). [Lombok]

S. mackerrasi sp. n. (p. 72)

11 Facial carina longer and distinctly fusiform, especially in $, its lateral surfaces

pinched in towards one another and anterior surface not forming a definite median
ridge, carina 3-5-4-2 times as long as epistome in $ and 2-9-3-3 times as long in $,
in both sexes slightly longer than distance from lunula to anterior ocellus.
Antennae longer in <$ than $, third segment in $ 4-4-4-6 times as long as second
segment. Postorbits yellow in $, more silvery yellow in <J

S. latigena Enderlein (p. 73)

Facial carina short, broader and more keel-like, usually forming a definite median
ridge on anterior surface, shorter than distance from lunula to anterior ocellus and
not more than 3-3 times as long as epistome in either sex. Antennae about equal
in length in both sexes, third segment not more than 3-9 times as long as second
segment. Postorbits silvery white . . . . . . . . 12

12 Margin of lower calypter dark brown. Interfrontal area very broad, 3-3-3-6 times

as wide as a parafrontal. Vertex by measurement distinctly broader than one

eye viewed from above, eye-vertex-eye ratio about 5:7:5 • • • • 13

Margin of lower calypter white. Interfrontal area 1-4-2-8 times as wide as a para-
frontal. Vertex by measurement almost exactly equal in width to one eye viewed
from above ............ 41

13 One or both of abdominal tergites 3 and 4 almost always with median discal setae

among the spiniform hair. <$ third antennal segment 3-4-3-5 times as long as
second segment. Colour usually dark blue to violet, only occasionally green.
[Formosa] ........ S. sauteri Enderlein (p. 76)

Tergites 3 and 4 always without discal setae. <$ third antennal segment longer,
3-7-3-9 times as long as second segment (difference possibly not constant). Colour
almost always green. [China] . . . S. hoeneana Enderlein (p. 78)

14 Interfrontal area 2-4-2-8 times as wide as a parafrontal. Parafacials yellowish white

pollinose and in some lights having a brilliant creamy white or slightly silvery
appearance. [India to Malaya] ..... 5. asiatica sp. n. (p. 80)

- Interfrontal area unusually narrow, 1-4-1-7 times as wide as a parafrontal, the

parafrontals correspondingly broad. Parafacials golden yellow pollinose, not
appearing brilliant whitish in any light. [Borneo] . S. metallica sp. n. (p.8i)

56 R. W. CROSSKEY

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES

Silbomyia albonotata (Bigot, 1859) comb. n.

(Text-figs. 32, 35)

Megaloprepes albonotatus Bigot, 1859, Rev. Mag. Zool. Ser. 2, 11 : 309. Lectotype <$,
CELEBES. In the British Museum (Natural History), London.

Musca prospera Walker, 1860, /. Linn. Soc. Land. (Zool.) 4 : 133. Lectotype ?, CELEBES
In the British Museum (Natural History), London, syn. n.

Silbomyia nitidissima Vollenhoven, 1863, Versl. med. K. Akad. wetensch. Amst. 15 : 16.
Lectotype <$, CELEBES. In the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historic, Leiden, syn. n.

LECTOTYPE DESIGNATIONS : (i) Megaloprepes albonotatus Bigot. The British
Museum collection contains three specimens from the Bigot collection labelled
Celebes and agreeing perfectly with the original description. None of the specimens
bears the name ' albonotatus ' in Bigot's writing, but there is no doubt that these
specimens represent the original syntypic series, and a <$ syntype has been labelled
and is here designated as lectotype. The remaining two syntypes have been
labelled as paralectotypes.

(2) Musca prospera Walker. Walker (i86oa) gave a basic description of this
species, followed by a brief description of two varieties, " Var. (3." and " Var. y.".
These varietal names, being written in the form of single letters, do not have avail-
ability (Article u (g)(i) of present Code] and the specimens on which they are based
must therefore be treated as part of the syntype series of prospera. The British
Museum collection contains two $ specimens labelled ' prospera ' in Walker's
writing and agreeing fully with his basic description ; one of these has been labelled
and is here designated as lectotype. In addition the B.M. contains a $ specimen
with the same data as the lectotype which agrees perfectly with Walker's description
of " Var. Y-"» and which must certainly be the specimen Walker had before him
when describing this variety : this specimen is not conspecific with the other syn-
types of prospera, and belongs to the related S. fulgida (Bigot) from Celebes. The
Oxford University Museum contains a specimen of prospera bearing a circular
faded blue label reading ' Mak.' identical with a label on the lectotype specimen ;
the characters of this specimen fit exactly with Walker's " Var. (3." and there seems
no doubt that the Oxford specimen was one that Walker had before him at the
time of the original description, and must be treated as one of the syntype series.
The syntype in Oxford is labelled " Silbomyia prospera Walk, Makassar, Wallace, E
Mus Saund. 1867 lod " ; probably in Westwood's writing, and the date and price
refer to a transaction in which the specimen changed hands. The three syntypes
remaining after lectotype designation have been labelled as paralectotypes.

(3) Silbomyia nitidissima Vollenhoven. Described from four specimens from
Tondano, stated by Vollenhoven (1863) to be all $. The four syntypes are in
Rijksmus. Leiden, and three of them are in fact <$ ; one of the <$ syntypes has been
labelled and is here designated as lectotype, and the remaining syntypes have been
labelled as paralectotypes.

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 57

DIAGNOSIS. Ti+2 with median marginal setae ; genal hair black ; wings uni-
formly dark brown ; bristle on second antennal segment short and weak.

o*. Head : Interfrontal area orange-brown or reddish brown ; area of ocelli and upper halves
of parafrontals metallic, dark brassy green occasionally with violaceous reflections ; parafrontals
just below metallic areas with blackish ground colour and white pollinosity ; remainder of
parafrontals and all of parafacials with pale yellow ground colour and dense white or creamy
white pollinosity ; facial carina, antennal foveae and epistome blackish brown or dark reddish
brown with very thin inconspicuous greyish pollinosity, pollen on mid line of facial carina a
little more yellowish ; genae with dark brownish ground colour and very thin inconspicuous
whitish pollinosity, in some lights appearing very slightly metallic greenish or purplish ;
postorbits silvery white pollinose except on uppermost parts near the vertex which are dark
greenish metallic. Hair of parafrontals and genae entirely black. Upper occiput cupreous
to violaceous green, shining, very little trace of pollinosity ; cerebrale brownish yellow. Eye-
vertex-eye ratio about 12 : 13 : 12. Interfrontal area about twice (1-9-2-1) as wide as a para-
frontal. Facial carina long and narrow, rather pinched in laterally and slightly fusiform in
general shape, about 1-4 times as long as distance from lunula to anterior ocellus and 4-1-4-7
times as long as epistome. Gena exceptionally narrow, about one-ninth to one-eighth (o-n-
0-125) °f eye-height. Parafacial 1-5-1 -75 times as wide as third antennal segment ; facial
ridges almost straight in profile, fine hairs above the vibrissae reaching about half way up the
ridges. Postocellar setae well developed. Antennae brown or blackish brown except for small
dark orange area at extreme base of third segment, third segment very long and some 6-0 times
as long as second segment ; seta on second segment shorter than arista, usually rather weak ;
arista about equal in length to third antennal segment. Palpi brownish yellow. Thorax :
entire dorsum brilliantly metallic emerald or cupreous green without trace of pollinosity ;
mesopleura and sternopleura green, each with a very large spot of dense white pollinosity
conspicuous only when viewed from above, in other lights the area of the pollinose spots appear-
ing bluish violet ; pteropleura and hypopleura reddish or violaceous. Wings : uniformly dark
brown. Distance between bend of vein M and wing margin 1-7-2-2 times as great as that
between m-cu and the bend ; on vein M distance from r-m to m-cu 2-8-3-3 times that between
m-cu and bend ; veins R2+3 and Rt+5 not bowed forwards. Costal spine minute. Margin of
lower calypter dark brown, calyptrae otherwise white. Legs : black, femora with violaceous
reflections and fore coxae often somewhat greenish. Abdomen : dorsum brilliant metallic
emerald or cupreous green, apex more violaceous when seen from behind ; venter reddish
violaceous to deep violet and contrasting with green dorsum. T5 on each side with a large spot
of dense white pollinosity easily visible to naked eye, these pollinose areas mainly ventro-lateral
in position but extending slightly on to dorsum of tergite ; T3 when viewed from behind showing
trace of an extremely thin covering of whitish pollinosity, this pollinosity extending medially
round the sides of the tergite and becoming slightly more conspicuous on latero-ventral surface
especially when seen from above. Ti + 2 with a pair of very strong median marginal setae
which are occasionally duplicated on one or both sides ; T3 consistently with only one lateral
marginal seta on each side ; T3 and T4 without median discal setae. Hair of T3 and T4
recumbent, except as a rule for some semi-erect hair in mid-line of T3 ; hair of T$ short, fine
and erect. <$ hypopygium as in Text-figs. 32 and 35. Measurements : body length 15-5 mm.
(range 14-4-16-3 mm.), wing length 12-9 mm. (range 11-8-13-7 mm.) [10 specimens].

$. Extremely like $ except for following detail of the head : facial carina not at all fusiform
and laterally compressed, more ridge-like and broader ventrally, 3-6-3-8 times as long as
epistome ; third antennal segment shorter, 4-7-5-1 times as long as second segment ; parafacials
broader, each about 2-75-3-0 times as wide as third antennal segment ; gena broader, almost
one-fifth of eye-height. On abdominal T3 there are sometimes two pairs of strong median
marginal setae, always only one in $. Measurements : body length 15-4 mm. (range 13-7-
17-9 mm.), wing length 12-6 mm. (range 11-3-14-3 mm.) [10 specimens].

58 R. W. CROSSKEY

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Megaloprepes albonotatus Bigot, <$ lectotype and i <^, i $,
paralectotypes, CELEBES (no other data) (B.M. Nat. Hist.). Musca prospera
Walker, lectotype $, CELEBES : Macassar (A. R. Wallace) ; paralectotypes :
CELEBES : i ?, Macassar, 1857-58 (A. R. Wallace) (B.M. Nat. Hist.), and i $,
Macassar (Wallace) (Oxfd. Univ. Mus.). Silbomyia nitidissima Vollenhoven, $
lectotype and 2 $$, i $, paralectotypes, CELEBES : Tondano (Forsteri) (Rijksmus.
Leiden).

INDONESIA. CELEBES : i <$ (Westerm.) (Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ.) ; 2 £<$, i $,
Menado (Mme. Ida Pfeiffer} (B. M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <$, Nord-Ost Celebes, Minahassa
(v. Roder) (Staatl. Mus. Stuttgart) ; i $, S. Celebes, Samanga, xi.i8g5 (H. Fruh-
storfer) (Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ.) ; i $, i $, Nord Celebes, Toli-Toli, xi-xii.iSgs
(H. Fruhstorfer} (Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ. & B. M. Nat. Hist.) ; i ?, S. Celebes,
Lampa-Battau, 3,000 ft., iii.i896 (H. Fruhstorfer) (B. M. Nat. Hist.) ; 2 $9, Latimod-
jonggeb-Uru, 800 m., viii-ix.i93o (G. Heinrich) (B. M. Nat. Hist. & Zool. Mus.
Humb. Univ.) ; i $, i $, Bantimoeroeng, 25^.1930 (G. Heinrich} (Zool. Mus. Humb.
Univ.) ; i <J, i $, Bantimoeroeng, viii.i93i (G. Heinrich} (Zool. Mus. Humb.
Univ. & B. M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, Bonthain, Wawa Karaeng, 1,100 m., viii.i93i
(G. Heinrich} (Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ.) ; i $, Bontham, Wawa Karaeng, ix-x.i93i
(G. Heinrich} (B. M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, lie-lie, 500-800 m., xii.i93o (G. Heinrich}
(Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ.) ; 2 $9> N. Celebes, Rurukan, 900 m., 1.1931 (G. Heinrich}

(Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ. and Staatl. Mus. Stuttgart) ; i ?, Enrekang, 5.ix.i93O
(G. Heinrich} (Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ.) ; i <£, Minahassa, Tomohon, 3o.v.-2.vi.i954
(A H. G. Alston} (B. M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, Tondano (Forster) (Rijksmus, Leiden).

Distribution : Confined to Celebes, where it occurs together with S.fulgida (Bigot).
Enderlein (1936, p. 440) has referred to some of the material listed above under the
name 5. prospera (Walker).

AFFINITIES. Allied to S. philippinensis sp. n. but easily distinguished by the
characters given in the key ; also showing fairly close affinity with S. fulgida (Bigot)
but readily differentiated from this species by the dark brown face and antennae,
dark green metallic upper parafrontals, black-haired genae and proportions of head
structures.

Silbomyia philippinensis sp. n.

DIAGNOSIS. Genal hair black ; upper parafrontals dark metallic greenish to
violet ; interfrontal area at narrowest equal in width to or only a little wider than
parafrontal at its broadest ; dorsum of thorax pollinose marginally.

cJ. Head : Interfrontal area reddish brown ; ocellar area metallic greenish or greenish
violet ; upper parts of parafrontals from level of lower proclinate orbital setae to vertex dark
metallic green to violet in colour and without pollinosity, contrasting with creamy whitish
pollinose lower parts of parafrontals ; lower halves of parafrontals and all of parafacials pale
yellow in ground colour and densely yellowish white or creamy yellowish pollinose ; facial
carina, antennal foveae and epistome brown or pale brown at least in part (facial carina and part
of epistome sometimes yellowish), with thin inconspicuous whitish pollinosity ; genae variable

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 59

in material seen, colour ranging from yellow with golden pollinosity to dark slightly metallic
violaceous with whitish pollen ; postorbits densely white or yellowish white pollinose, the
pollinosity extending dorsally more or less to the outer vertical setae. Hair of parafrontals and
genae entirely black. Upper occiput slightly metallic dark green or violet, metallic appearance
slightly obscured by thin white pollinosity more obvious in some lights than others ; cerebrale
semi-translucent orange medially but slightly metallic blackish green or violaceous laterally.
Vertex seen from above obviously narrower than one eye, eye-vertex-eye ratio about 6:5:6.
Interf rental area at its narrowest point equal in width or only very slightly broader (1-2 times
as wide) than one parafrontal at the corresponding point, parafrontals therefore unusually
broad in relation to the interf rental area. Facial carina short and rather ridge-like, not
fusiform or noticeably laterally compressed, about equal in length to distance from lunula to
anterior ocellus and about 2-8-3-4 times as long as epistome. Gena about one-seventh (0-14-
0-15) of eye-height. Parafacial 2-5 times as wide as third antennal segment. Fine hairs above
vibrissae reaching at most only one third of way up facial ridges. Postocellar setae fine and
weak, sometimes only minute hairs. Antennae brown except for extreme base of third segment
narrowly orange, third segment 3-3-3-7 times as long as second segment ; bristle on second
segment exceptionally long and strong, as long as or even longer than entire antenna ; arista
equal in length to third antennal segment. Palpi yellow or brownish yellow. Thorax : dorsum
varying from bluish green occasionally with small violaceous patches to deep bluish violet (as
in holotype), the prescutum, notopleura and areas of supra-alar setae with a covering of white
pollinosity which is most easily seen in posterior view ; sides of thorax mostly bluish green,
the mesopleura and sternopleura with the usual very large densely white pollinose spots ;
hypopleura and posterior parts of pteropleura reddish brown with metallic reddish violaceous
reflections. Wings : with heavy brown infuscation broadly along the veins, darkening appear-
ing most concentrated anteriorly where the veins are close together, wing membrane very pale
brownish in cells and along hind margin. Distance between bend of vein M and wing margin
i -6-1 -8 times as great as that between m-cu and bend ; on vein M distance from r-m to m-cu
2-7-3-3 times that between m-cu and bend. Costal spine short and inconspicuous, shorter
than r-m. Margin of lower calypter dark brown, calyptrae otherwise white. Legs : black,
femora with bluish green to violaceous metallic reflections. Abdomen : bluish green to violet,
deep bluish violet in holotype specimen. T3 on entire dorsum and medially on ventro-lateral
surfaces with a covering of white pollinosity, very conspicuous in posterior view ; T4 without
pollinosity ; T5 with a pair of very large and very conspicuous white pollinose spots which
extend from extreme ventral margins of the tergite round to the latero-dorsal surfaces, the spots
easily seen from above. Ti + 2 with a pair of strong median marginal setae ; T3 with a single
lateral marginal seta on each side ; T3 with a pair of median discal setae, usually strong but one
sometimes shorter and weaker than the other. Hair of dorsum of T3 erect and rather long
spiniform on median third, semi-recumbent and finer laterally ; hair of T4 semi-erect on most of
the dorsum, sometimes very slightly spiniform near the middle of the tergite but usually shorter
and finer than that on T3 ; hair of T5 very fine and erect. <$ hypopygium very similar to that
of S. albonotata (Text-fig. 32). Measurements : body length 13-1 mm. (range 11-6-15-5 rnm.)
wing length 12-2 mm. (range 11-3-14-2 mm.) [5 specimens] : maximum measurements given are
those of holotype.

$. Almost identical with <$ except for very slightly broader parafacials and genae and vertex
almost equal in breadth to one eye when measured from above. Measurements : body length
14.4 mm. (range 12-2-15-8 mm.), wing length 12-6 mm. (range 10-0-14-2 mm.) [4 specimens].

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype £, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS : Luzon, Mt. Makiling
(Baker). In British Museum (Natural History), London. Paiatypes : PHILIPPINE
ISLANDS : 2 <$<$, i ?, Luzon, Mt. Makiling (Baker) (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i $ Luzon,
Mt. Makiling (Baker) (B. M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, Baguio, Benguet [? Luzon or
Mindanao] (Baker] (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i $ Mindanao, Surigao (Baker) (U.S.

60 R. W. CROSSKEY

Nat. Mus.) ; i <j>, Mindanao, Kolambugan (Baker) (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i <J, Mindoro,
Baco River District, 1-23.1.1910 (J. J. Mounsey) (B. M. Nat. Hist.).

Distribution : The very limited amount of material available of this species is
from Luzon, Mindoro and Mindanao islands, but 5. philippinensis probably occurs
in other islands of the Philippine group. The material seen is rather varied in size
and colour, but is too limited to determine whether significant differences exist
between forms from different islands ; the specimen from Mindoro however differs
noticeably from the other specimens in having a dark narrow somewhat metallic
violaceous gena and a shorter facial carina and shorter antennae than usual.

AFFINITIES. The dark metallic non-pollinose upper parafrontals, the partly or
completely dark face and antennae, and the black-haired genae of S. philippinensis
sp. n. undoubtedly indicate affinity with S. albonotata (Bigot), the only other species
of Silbomyia possessing these characters ; it is easily distinguished from 5. albonotata
by the much narrower interfrontal area, the much shorter antennae and facial
carina and by other characters given in the key to the species.

Silbomyia fulgida (Bigot, 1859)

Spinthemyia fulgida Bigot, 1859, Rev. Mag. Zool. Ser. 2, II : 310. Holotype <$, CELEBES.
In the British Museum (Natural History), London.

DIAGNOSIS. Ti 4- 2 with median marginal setae ; genal hair yellow ; wings
uniformly brown ; dorsum of thorax brilliant metallic coppery green to reddish
cupreous without trace of pollinosity.

cj. Head : Interfrontal area deep golden with a characteristic satiny sheen ; area of ocelli,
vertex and upper halves of parafrontals semi-translucent yellowish, non-pollinose and rather
shining ; lower parts of parafrontals, parafacials and genae with entirely yellow ground colour
and dense creamy yellowish or pale yellow pollinosity ; facial carina, antennal foveae and
epistome yellow with yellowish white pollinosity ; postorbits densely silvery white pollinose
except on uppermost parts near the vertex which are bare shining metallic greenish or purplish
black, shining white lower parts of postorbits strongly contrasting with yellow genae. Hair
of parafrontals entirely black, hair of genae long and very pale yellow to golden orange. Upper
occiput slightly metallic greenish especially near upper metallic ends of postorbits, elsewhere
ground colour somewhat obscured by thin whitish pollinosity ; cerebrale semi-translucent
yellowish like the vertex. Eye-vertex-eye ratio about 5:6:5. Interfrontal area 3-6-4-0
times as wide as a parafrontal. Facial carina long and laterally compressed, somewhat fusiform,
nearly 1-3 times as long as distance from lunula to anterior ocellus and 4-0-4-4 times as long as
epistome. Gena about one-fifth (0-19-0-22) of eye-height. Parafacial twice as broad as third
antennal segment ; facial ridges very slightly concave in profile, with very fine hairs above
vibrissae extending half or two-thirds of the way up each ridge. Postocellar setae very weak
and hair-like, inconspicuous. Antennae bright orange, third segment 6-0-6-3 times as long as
second segment ; bristle on second segment rather fine and much shorter than arista, latter
very nearly equal in length to third antennal segment. Palpi yellow. Thorax : entire dorsum
brilliantly metallic without pollinosity, usually coppery green but occasionally reddish copper or
emerald-green with slight bluish reflections ; mesopleura and sternopleura green, each with a
very large area of dense white pollinosity most conspicuous from above, areas under the
pollinosity usually appearing blue- violet in certain lights ; pteropleura and hypopleura reddish
or reddish brown, sometimes with a violaceous tinge. Wings : almost uniformly brown, at
most becoming only a little paler posteriorly. Distance between bend of vein M and wing
margin 1-9-2-2 times as great as that between m-cu and bend ; on vein M distance from r~m
to m-cu 3-2-4-0 times as great as that between m-cu and the bend ; R4+5 and R2+3 not bowed

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 61

forwards. Costal spine very small and inconspicuous. Margin of lower calypter brown,
calyptrae otherwise white. Legs : black, femora with the usual violet or dark greenish reflec-
tions. Abdomen : dorsum mostly brilliant metallic emerald or coppery green, becoming
blue-violet apically and on extreme sides ; venter violet. T5 ventro-laterally with a median
band of white pollinosity which extends on to the sides of the tergite but not on to the dorsum,
the pollinosity only conspicuous from certain points of view ; T3 showing almost no trace of
pollinosity dorsally, but with very thin traces of pollinosity ventrally visible in some lights.
Ti + 2 with a pair of rather widely spaced median marginal setae, each seta sometimes duplicated
on one or both sides ; median marginal setae of T3 sometimes duplicated on one or both sides
so that there may be two, three or four median marginal setae on this tergite (three in holotype) ,
always one lateral marginal seta on T3 ; T3 and T4 without median discal setae. Hair of T3
and T4 largely erect or semi-erect, especially in median area of each tergite where it is very
slightly spiniform ; hair of T5 erect and finer than that of preceding tergites. (J hypopygium
similar to that of S. albonotata. Measurements : body length 14-6 mm. (range I3'5-I5'9 mm.),
wing length n-o mm. (range 10-0-12-1 mm.), wings relatively short. [5 specimens].

$. Some small specimens seen which lack definite median marginal setae on Ti-f 2 and in
which general colouring of the dorsum is metallic coppery crimson, but otherwise very much
like <J. Differs from $ in proportions of the head structures as follows : facial carina less
definitely spindle-shaped, more ridge-like, shorter and usually about 3-2 times as long as
epistome ; third antennal segment shorter, 4-4-4-7 times as long as second segment ; parafacials
broader, about four times as wide as third antennal segment ; gena broader, a little over a
quarter (0-26-0-27) of eye-height. Size very variable in material seen, measurements : body
length 13-6 mm. (range 9-9-16-8 mm.), wing length 10-9 mm. (range 7-6-14-2 mm.) [i i specimens].

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype $, CELEBES (no other data).

INDONESIA. CELEBES : i $, Macassar, 1857-58 (A. R. Wallace) (B. M. Nat. Hist.,
a paralectotype from mixed type-series of Musca prospera Walker) ; 2 $<$, i $,
S. Celebes, Lompa-Battau, 3,000 ft., 111.1896 (H. Fruhstorfer) (B. M. Nat. Hist, and
Div. Ent. Mus. Canberra) ; i <£, 2 $$, S. Celebes, Bua-Kraeng, 5,000 ft.,ii.i896
(H. Fruhstorfer) (B. M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <$, Nord-Celebes, Toli-Toli, xi-xii.iSgs (H.
Fruhstorfer) (Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ.) ; 4 $$, lie-lie, 500-800 m., xii.i93o (G.
Heinrich) (Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ.) ; 3 $$, Latimodjonggeb. (=Latimodjon
Gebirge), Uru, 800 m., viii-ix.i93o (G. Heinrich) (Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ.) ; i $,
Bantimoeroeng, viii.i93i (G. Heinrich) (Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ.).

In addition to the foregoing material I have seen one <$ of this species (in Staatl.
Mus. Stuttgart) bearing a single label reading ' Roon ' ; this locality lies in Geelvink
Bay, New Guinea, an area much further east than the known distribution limits of
Silbomyia and no other material of S. fulgida has been seen from outside Celebes ;
the label ' Roon ' is almost certainly erroneous, and the specimen is presumed to be
from Celebes. The material collected by G. Heinrich listed above is that already
recorded in the literature by Enderlein (1936, p. 440).

Distribution : Probably confined to Celebes, where it occurs together with S.
albonotata (Bigot).

AFFINITIES. 5. fulgida appears to be most closely related to 5. albonotata (for
differences see under this species) and allied to a lesser extent to S. sumba sp. n.
From the latter species it is distinguished most easily by the bare shining metallic
upper ends of the postorbits, by the non-pollinose mesonotum and uniformly brown
wings ; the shape of the head structures is also quite different.

62 R. W. CROSSKEY

Silbomyia sumba sp. n.

DIAGNOSIS. Ti +2 with median marginal setae; genal hair yellow ; hair of lower
parafrontals pale yellow ; upper occiput and uppermost parts of postorbits not at
all metallic, thickly pale yellow pollinose.

$. Head : Interfrontal area orange-yellow ; vertex, parafrontals, parafacials, genae, facial
carina, antennal foveae and epistome all orange-yellow in ground colour and densely golden
yellow pollinose ; postorbits entirely pale yellow pollinose, upper ends not at all bare or
metallic. Parafrontals with a few fine black hairs on upper parts, but lower halves of para-
frontals with pale yellow hair which is difficult to see against the yellow pollinose background ;
hair of genae long and golden yellow. Upper occiput with unusually thick pale yellow pollinosity
covering all the dark ground colour, occiput therefore not at all metallic and unicolorous with
postorbits ; cerebrale orange-yellow. Vertex narrower than one eye viewed from above,
eye- vertex-eye ratio 5 14 15. Interfrontal area 3-2 times as wide as a parafrontal at level of
lower proclinate orbital seta. Facial carina rather short and broad, especially ventrally, not
at all fusiform and not laterally compressed, only slightly longer than distance from lunula to
anterior ocellus and 3-0 times as long as epistome. Gena slightly more (0-27) than a quarter of
eye-height. Parafacial 2-5 times as wide as third antennal segment. Facial ridges with a few
very fine small hairs only on lower quarter, some of the hairs pale. Postocellar setae fine and
hair-like. Antennae orange, third segment 4-1 times as long as second segment ; seta on second
segment weak, much shorter than arista, the latter about equal in length to third antennal
segment. Palpi yellow. Thorax : emerald or coppery green, slightly violaceous on parts of
pteropleura and hypopleura ; dorsum only partly metallic, when viewed from behind showing
a thin covering of white pollinosity on most of prescutum and dense white pollinosity on
notopleura, areas of supra-alar setae and on postalar calli ; mesopleura and sternopleura with
large densely white pollinose spots. Wings : dark brown antero-basally with the infuscation
rapidly fading to almost clear hyaline apically and posteriorly except for slight trace of
brownish infuscation along veins M and Cuv Distance between bend of M and wing margin
about 1-1-1-4 times as great as that between bend and m-cu ; on vein M distance between v-m
and m-cu 2-5-2-9 times as great as that between m-cu and bend ; veins R2+3 and Rt+5 not
conspicuously bowed forwards. Costal spine a little shorter than r-m. Margin of lower
calypter brown, calyptrae otherwise white. Legs : black, very slightly coppery greenish
metallic on the femora. Abdomen : entirely bright green with a slight coppery tinge. T5
with a pair of exceptionally small spots of white pollinosity situated just ventrad to the lateral
margins, the spots not reaching on to the dorsum ; T3 with only a very slight trace of whitish
pollinosity ventro-laterally. Ti + 2 with a pair of strong median marginal setae ; T3 with one
lateral marginal seta on each side and with the pair of median marginal setae very long and
erect ; T3 and T4 without median discal setae. Hair of dorsum short and rather fine, especially
on T5, erect on median parts of T3 and T4 but only semi-erect laterally. Measurements : body
length 12-4, 12-8 mm., wing length 10-0, 10-5 mm. [2 specimens].

o*. Unknown. Probably much like $ but with longer facial carina and possibly more
elongate antennae.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype $, INDONESIA : N. W. Soemba (— Sumba
Island), Laora, 100 m., iv.i925 (Dammermari). In United States National Museum,
Washington. Paratype : i $, INDONESIA : Sumba (no other data) (D. Ent. Inst.).

Distribution : Known only from the type material listed above from Sumba
Island, Indonesia, and probably confined to this island.

AFFINITIES. S. sumba sp. n. is a distinctive species but shows some probable
affinity with S. fulgida (Bigot) ; it is most easily distinguished from fulgida by the
entirely pollinose postorbits and upper occiput, the white pollinosity on the meso-
notum, the pale yellow lower parafrontal hair, and unevenly darkened wings.

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 63

Silbomyia palawana sp. n.

DIAGNOSIS. Ti+2 with median marginal setae; face and gcnal hair yellow ;
facial carina very short and ridge-like, antennae correspondingly short, in both sexes ;
much of mesonotum and abdominal T3 with conspicuous white pollinosity, especially
seen from behind.

§. Head : Interfrontal area bright orange ; small ocellar spot slightly metallic blue-green ;
vertex and upper parts of parafrontals semi-translucent yellowish and hardly at all pollinose,
slightly shining ; lower parts of parafrontals, parafacials, genae, facial carina, antennal foveae
and epistome with all yellow ground colour, pollinosity creamy white against eye-margin
but darkening on parafacials anteriorly to yellow-orange against facial ridges (when viewed from
above all of parafacials appearing shining creamy white) , genae densely golden orange pollinose ;
postorbits entirely white pollinose, contrasting with yellow genae, uppermost extremities not at
all metallic. Parafrontal hair all black, genal hair short and golden yellow. Upper occiput
semi-metallic blue greenish in some lights, but thinly covered with whitish pollinosity ;
cerebrale orange. Eye-vertex-eye ratio almost exactly i : i : i. Interfrontal area 2-3 times
as wide as a parafrontal. Facial carina short and broad, ridge-like, shorter than distance from
lunula to anterior ocellus and 2-8 times as long as epistome. Gena about one-fifth (0-22) of
eye-height. Parafacial three times as wide as third antennal segment. Facial ridges with a
few hairs above vibrissae only on lower quarter. Postocellar setae weak. Antennae orange,
third segment 3-5 times as long as second segment ; seta on second segment about equal in
length to arista, latter conspicuously longer than third antennal segment. Palpi yellow.
Thorax : bluish green in the single specimen seen, probably varying from green to blue-violet ;
hypopleura and pteropleura reddish brown with violaceous reflections ; most of mesonotum but
especially prescutum, notopleura, areas of supra-alar setae and postalar calli white pollinose,
pollinosity most obvious from behind ; mesopleura and sternopleura each with a large area of
dense white pollinosity. Wings : very dark brown, almost blackish brown, on most of surface
but distinctly paler in cells and marginally. Distance between bend of vein M and wing margin
1-9 times as great as that between m-cu and bend ; on vein M distance from r-m to m-cu 2-8
times that between m-cu and the bend. Costal spine shorter than r-m. Margin of lower
calypter dark brown, calyptrae otherwise white. Legs : black, femora largely dark greenish
metallic. Abdomen : in single specimen seen mainly bluish green but violaceous on all of
Ti + 2 and on fore and hind margins of other tergites, the violet margins broadest ventrally ;
colour probably varies from green to bluish violet. T3 on all dorsal surface and medially on
the sides with an even covering of white pollinosity, visible to naked eye when viewed from
behind ; T4 with very thin traces of a whitish pollinose covering when seen by microscopic
examination from behind, not readily visible to naked eye ; T5 with a pair of large densely
pollinose white spots ventro-laterally which extend round the sides of the tergite just on to the
latero-dorsal surfaces. Ti + 2 with a pair of strong median marginal setae ; T3 with a single
lateral marginal seta on each side ; T3 and T4 without median discal setae. Hair of T3 and T4
uniform, not evidently spiniform, recumbent ; hair of T5 short, sparse and erect, much finer
than that on preceding tergites. Measurements : body length 14-9 mm., wing length 13-7 mm.
[i specimen].

<J. Extremely like $, obviously differing only in the narrower gena. Facial carina and
antennae not sexually dimorphic. $ hypopygium as in S. sauteri. In the one <$ seen the
thorax is dark blue and the abdomen violaceous blue, but the general body colour almost certainly
varies in this species from green or bluish green to blue- violet or violet. Abdominal hair more
erect in ^ than $, judging from only a single specimen of each. Measurements : body length
14-1 mm., wing length 12-8 mm. [i specimen].

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ?, PALAWAN ISLAND (Philippines) : N. Palawan
Binaluan, xi-xii.igi3 (G. Boettcher). In British Museum (Natural History), London.

64 R. W. CROSSKEY

Paratype : i $, PALAWAN ISLAND : Puerto Princesa (R. C. McGregor) (U.S. Nat.
Mus.).

Distribution : Occurring only on Palawan, Philippine Islands, between Borneo
and the Philippines proper and known to me only from the type-material listed above.

AFFINITIES. Undoubtedly closely related to 5. sauteri Enderlein and S. hoeneana
Enderlein, resembling both very closely but almost certainly specifically distinct ;
S. palawana sp. n. is distinguished from both these species by the possession of a
pair of strong median marginal setae on Ti + 2, by the much narrower vertex and
interfrontal area, by the narrow gena, and by the much finer less obviously spiniform
hair of the abdominal tergites. From 5. sauteri it differs also by lacking median
discal setae on T3 and T4.

Silbomyia parvula Baranov, 1938

Stilbomyia parvula Baranov, 1938, Bull. ent. Res. 29 : 414. Lectotype <£, INDIA. In the
British Museum (Natural History), London.

LECTOTYPE DESIGNATION : Baranov did not designate a single type-specimen and
the original description is based on two syntypes (in B.M. Nat. Hist.), a £ and a $
each labelled in Baranov's handwriting " Stilbomyia parvula sp. n. N. Baranov ".
The $ syntype has been labelled and is here designated as lectotype.

DIAGNOSIS. Very small species with almost clear hyaline wings ; Ti +2 without
median marginal setae ; $ antennae inserted far above level of eye middle, antennae
and facial carina exceptionally elongate ; vertex very conspicuously broader than
one eye viewed from above.

o*. Head : Interfrontal area bright orange-yellow ; uppermost third of parafrontals from
upper proclinate orbital setae to vertical setae yellow and semi-shining, non-pollinose ; middle
part of parafrontal between upper and lower proclinate orbital setae yellow with pale yellow
pollinosity ; parafrontals ventrad of lower proclinate orbital setae and all of parafacials yellowish
white in ground colour with dense creamy white pollinosity, the pollinosity appearing rather
shining white from above ; genae yellow with dense golden yellow pollinosity ; facial carina,
antennal foveae, and epistome yellow with thin pale yellow pollinosity ; postorbits all silvery
white pollinose. Parafrontals with short fine and sparse hair, all black ; hair of genae bright
yellow. Upper occiput unusually thickly covered with white pollinosity, not at all metallic in
any light ; cerebrale orange-yellow. Vertex from above very noticeably broader than one eye,
eye-vertex-eye ratio 5:7:5. Interfrontal area 3-5 times as wide as a parafrontal. Frons
prominent and less steeply sloping than usual, antennae inserted far above level of eye middle,
facial profile much longer than frontal profile and facial carina, antennal foveae and facial ridges
therefore all longer than usual. Facial carina long and subfusiform, less strongly tapering
ventrally than dorsally, outer surface somewhat flattened and sides pinched in towards one
another so that antennal foveae are very deeply formed, the carina 1-6-1-7 times as long as
distance from lunula to anterior ocellus and 4-5 times as long as epistome. Gena very broad,
about three-sevenths (0-43-0-44) of eye-height. Parafacial 1-5 times as wide as third antennal
segment. Facial ridges straight in profile, fine hairs above vibrissae reaching about two-fifths
of the way up each facial ridge. Postocellar setae small. Antennae bright orange, exceptionally
long, third segment about 7-5 times as long as second segment ; seta on second segment short

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 65

and strong, little more than half as long as arista ; the arista short and unusually strongly
thickened nearly to the end, slightly over half as long as third antennal segment and plumose
hairs short and rather dense. Palpi yellow. Thorax : mesonotum bluish green, scutellurn
darker greenish blue to violaceous blue ; sides of thorax greenish blue to deep violet-blue,
except for hypopleura and pteropleura which are more reddish violaceous. Whole of humeral
calli, all of prescutum, posterior and lateral margins of scutum unusually thickly white pollinose,
when seen from behind therefore only the centre of the scutum metallic ; mesopleura and sterno-
pleura with large spots of dense white pollinosity. A few of the hairs of the propleura pale
yellow. Wings : almost entirely clear hyaline, only a little brownish infuscation of the
membrane between the costa and R2+3 ', alula largely opaque white ; veins around basal cells
yellow, giving the wing-base a yellowish appearance to naked eye. Distance from bend of vein
M to wing margin 2-5 times as great as that between m-cu and the bend ; on vein M distance
from y-m to m-cu 3-1 times as great as that between m-cu and bend. Costal spine long, about
equal in length to r-m. Calyptrae white, including entire posterior and outer margins of lower
calypter. Legs: black, femora with bluish green to violaceous metallic reflections. Abdomen:
violaceous blue on Ti + 2 and T3, blue-green on T4, and 1$, traces of violaceous colour anteriorly
on dorsum of T4 and narrow fore and hind margins ventrally of T4 also violet. T3 dorsally
rather thickly white pollinose, latero-ventrally with broad conspicuous white pollinose bands,
appearance of the latero-ventral pollinosity shifting with the light ; T5 with the usual pair of
densely pollinose silvery white spots, but these spots much larger and more conspicuous than in
other species, well formed on dorsum of T5 and extending towards midline so that only median
third of dorsum is non-pollinose, appearance of the spots changing very much with the direction
of the light. Ti + 2 without median marginal setae ; the lateral marginal setae of T3 single on
each side ; T3 and T4 without median discal setae. Hair of dorsum all recumbent, finest on
T5 and slightly thickened medially on T3. <$ hypopygium much as in fuscipennis.
Measurements : body length 9-4, 9-9 mm., wing length 7-6, 7-8 mm. [2 specimens].

?. Mostly like <$, but head in the sexes strikingly sexually dimorphic, face and antennae not
greatly elongated as in <$ ; facial carina only 3-1 times as long as epistome and very little longer
than distance from lunula to anterior ocellus, third antennal segment only 3-5 times as long as
second segment, parafacial nearly two and a half times as wide as third antennal segment.
Facial carina less compressed laterally than in <J, and arista less noticeably thickened with sparser
longer plumosity ; since third antennal segment is short the arista is nearly equal in length to
third antennal segment. Measurements : body length 8-9 mm., wing length 7-7 mm.
[i specimen].

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Lectotype <£, INDIA : Coimbatore, io.xii.i92o (A. A. Coll).
Paralectotype : $, INDIA : Coimbatore, 7.xii.i920 (A. A. Coll.) (B.M. Nat. Hist.).
Both lectotype and paralectotype labelled ' from night soil '.

INDIA : i <$, Coimbatore, i8.ix.i935 (S. R. Coll] (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; this specimen
also labelled ' on Acacia leucophloea '.

In addition to the foregoing material the B.M. Nat. Hist, collection contains five
female specimens each labelled ' India ex coll. Bombay Nat. Hist. Socy. ' which agree
closely with the type-material but differ in having the wings conspicuously dark
brown infuscate antero-basally and the margin of the lower calypter brown : there
is no male with these specimens and I therefore only refer them tentatively to
5. parvula.

Distribution : Southern India.

66 R. W. CROSSKEY

AFFINITIES. S. parvula Baranov is an unusually small distinctive species showing
evident affinity with S. minor Malloch from Queensland ; it is easily recognised by
the structure of the head, particularly in the <$ and by the very characteristic thick
covering of white pollinosity on most of the mesonotum.

Silbomyia minor Malloch, 1930

Stilbomyia minor Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. 55 : 102. Holotype $, QUEENSLAND.
In the Division of Entomology Museum, C.S.I.R.O., Canberra.

DIAGNOSIS. Exceptionally small Australian species, length 6-6 mm. ; Ti+2
without median marginal setae ; wing dark brown infuscate only antero-basally ;
gena half eye-height ; occiput semi-metallic greenish.

$. Head : Interfrontal area bright deep yellow ; parafrontals between upper proclinate
orbital setae and vertical setae yellow and semi-shining, non-pollinose ; remainder of para-
frontals, parafacials, genae, facial carina, antennal foveae and epistome all with yellow ground
colour and yellow pollinosity ; postorbits with blackish ground colour and dense silvery white
pollinosity, in some lights very slightly metallic near outer vertical setae. Hair of parafrontals
black ; hair of genae and postbuccae yellow. Upper occiput dark greenish metallic in most
lights, very thinly whitish pollinose ; cerebrale orange-yellow. Vertex distinctly broader than
one eye, eye-vertex-eye ratio 16 : 21 : 16. Interfrontal area 3-0 times as wide as a parafrontal.
Facial carina long and widening below, outer surface rather rounded, 1-4 times as long as distance
from lunula to anterior ocellus and 4-0 times as long as epistome ; carina rather indistinctly
denned from the epistome. Gena exceptionally broad, almost exactly half eye-height. Para-
facial about 2-5 times as wide as third antennal segment. Fine hairs above vibrissae extending
about one- third of way up each facial ridge. Postocellar setae small, ocellar setae very strong.

Antennae yellowish orange, elongate, third segment 4-7 times as long as second segment ; seta
on second segment very strong but much shorter than arista, latter equal in length to third
antennal segment. Palpi yellow. Thorax : mesonotum and scutellum bright green, prescutum
anteriorly with a pair of fine coppery lines visible in some lights ; mesopleura and most
of sternopleura bright green, pteropleura, hypopleura and lower parts of sternopleura largely
violaceous. Notopleura with conspicuous white pollinosity, prescutum and sides of scutum
with only very thin inconspicuous whitish pollinosity visible in some lights ; pollinosity on
prescutum not obviously reaching transverse suture (as it does in parvula) ; mesopleura and
sternopleura each with a large white pollinose spot whose appearance shifts with the light.
Wings : largely clear hyaline, dark brown infuscation confined to antero-basal area and
not extending posteriorly beyond vein M. Distance from bend of vein M to wing margin 1-9
times as great as that between m-cu and bend ; on vein M distance from r-m to vn-cu 2-9
times that between m-cu and bend. Costal spine nearly as long as r-m. Calyptrae white
except for brown margin of lower calypter. Legs : black, femora partly metallic greenish.
Abdomen : mainly brilliant green, dorsal excavation of Ti + 2 and all sternites more violaceous ;
T5 with a slight coppery tinge. T3 almost completely devoid of white pollinosity, only thinnest
traces visible in certain lights even on latero-ventral surfaces ; T4 non-pollinose ; T5 with a
pair of small lateral white pollinose spots which dorsally extend on to extreme sides of the tergite,
appearance of the spots strongly shifting with the light. Ti + 2 without median marginal setae ;
T3 with one lateral marginal seta on each side ; T3 and T4 without median discal setae. Hair
of dorsum, including that on T5, recumbent. Measurements : body length 6-6 mm., wing
length 5-8 mm. [i specimen].

<J. Unknown, but almost certainly with the facial carina and antennae very elongate and
much longer than in ?, probably with antennae in profile inserted above level of eye middle.

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 67

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype $, AUSTRALIA : Queensland, Eidsvold, 1923
(Bancroft).

No other material is known.

Distribution : Known only from the holotype from Eidsvold in southern
Queensland.

AFFINITIES. Although only known from the female the affinities appear to lie
most closely with 5. parvula ; the shape of the head and facial carina, the unusually
broad gena, and the darkening of the wings being confined to the antero-basal
region are all characters closely similar in the two species (together with the small
size to which both specific names refer).

Silbomyia timorensis sp. n.

DIAGNOSIS. Fore tibia with only one submedian pv seta ; wings only dark brown
infuscate antero-basally, elsewhere almost clear.

9- Head : Interfrontal area deep yellow or orange-yellow ; parafrontals yellow, upper parts
rather shining, lower parts pale yellow pollinose, sometimes a little white pollinose against eyes ;
parafacials yellow with golden or yellow pollinosity near facial ridges and brilliant white pollino-
sity against eyes, contrast between yellow and white pollinose areas more conspicuous in some
lights than others, to naked eye parafacials appearing generally pale yellowish ; genae yellow
with dense golden yellow pollinosity ; facial carina, antennal foveae and epistome yellow with
very thin pale yellowish pollinosity ; postorbits densely silvery white pollinose, colour con-
trasting with yellow genae ; postbuccae yellow with very thin yellowish white pollinosity.
Parafrontal hair black ; hair of genae and postbuccae pale yellow to golden, sometimes one or
two blackish hairs among pale genal hair. Upper occiput very thinly and evenly whitish
pollinose over blackish ground colour, not appearing at all metallic ; cerebrale orange. Vertex
a little broader than one eye viewed from above, eye-vertex-eye ratio about 5 : 6 : 5 or 9 : 1 1 : 9.
Interfrontal area almost exactly three times as wide as parafrontal at level of lower proclinate
orbital seta. Facial carina slightly elongate, rather rounded on outer surface and not formed
into definite median ridge (much as in ? latigena), slightly longer than distance from lunula to
anterior ocellus, 2-75-3-0 times as long as epistome. Gena 0-31-0-33 of eye-height. Parafacial
about three times as wide as third antennal segment. Fine hairs above vibrissae confined to
lower third of each facial ridge. Postocellar setae weak. Antennae pale orange, third segment
3-7-3-9 times as long as second segment ; seta on second segment weak, much shorter than
third segment ; arista slightly longer than third antennal segment. Palpi yellow. Thorax :
varying from coppery green through greenish blue to dark blue with violet tinge ; hypopleura
and pteropleura dark reddish brown with violaceous or greenish reflections. Each mesopleuron
and sternopleuron with large bold white pollinose area. From behind mesonotum showing
conspicuous white pollinosity on notopleura and marginally on scutum in supra-alar and post-alar
regions, prescutum with covering of white pollinosity which fades out towards transverse suture.
Wings : mainly almost clear, only dark brown infuscate antero-basally with hardly any trace
of brownish colouring along other veins. Distance from bend of vein M to wing margin 2-0
times as great as that between m-cu and bend ; on vein M distance from r-m to m-cu 3-4-3-5
times as great as that between m-cu and bend. Calyptrae white except for dark brown margin
to lower calypter. Legs : black except for violet or greenish blue tinge to femora. Fore tibia
with only one pv seta. Abdomen : dark green to violaceous blue, hind margins of tergites
appearing narrowly blackish to naked eye. T3 dorsally with a covering of thin white pollinosity
which extends on to extreme sides of tergite, pollen invisible in some lights and most conspicuous

68 R. W. CROSSKEY

from behind ; T.4 non-pollinose ; T5 with usual broad lateral bands of white pollinosity
extending on to dorsum, appearance much shifting with direction of light but paired white areas
easily visible to naked eye. Ti + 2 without median marginal setae ; T3 with one lateral marginal
seta on each side ; T3 and T4 without median discal setae ; Hair of dorsum of tergites all
recumbent. Measurements : body length 11-9 mm. (range ii'7-i2'3 mm.), wing length 9-6 mm.
(range 9-2-9-8 mm.) [5 specimens].

(J. Unknown. Probably generally like $ but with longer and more fusiform facial carina
and possibly longer antennae.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype $, INDONESIA : Timor, Koepang (= Kupang),
6-2i.vi.i929 (/. M. Mackerras). In Division of Entomology Museum, C.S.I.R.O.,
Canberra. Paratypes : INDONESIA : i $, data as for holotype (Div. Ent. Mus.
Canberra) ; i $, Timor, Soe, 2,000 ft., 2i.vi.ig2g (I. M. Mackerras) (B.M. Nat.
Hist.) ; 2 $$, Timor, Lelogama, V.IQII (Haniel) (Zool. Sammlung. Munich and B.M.
Nat. Hist.) ; i $, Timor, Niki-Niki, vi.ign (Haniel} (Zool. Sammlung. Munich).

The three paratypes from Lelogama and Niki-Niki each bear a label reading
'Stilbomyia fuscipennis det. Engel ' and are the specimens from Timor mentioned
by Engel (1925, p. 350) under S. fuscipennis as ' mit hellen Zellkernen der Fliigel '.

Distribution : As yet known only from the above-listed localities in western
(Indonesian) Timor, and almost certainly confined to the island of Timor.

AFFINITIES. Distinguished from all other species by presence of only one instead
of the usual two pv setae on fore tibia, but the form of the facial carina (slightly
elongate and not produced to a definite median ridge) suggests affinity with
S. latigena. The shining white pollinosity externally on the parafacials resembles
that of S. asiatica sp. n., but 5. timorensis sp. n. is easily distinguished from this
species and from latigena by the largely hyaline wings (darkened only antero-basally)
as well as by the presence of the single fore tibial pv seta.

Silbomyia fuscipennis (Fabricius, 1805)

Musca fuscipennis Fabricius, 1805, Systema Anil. : 291. Holotype $, SUMATRA. In the
Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen.

DIAGNOSIS. In both sexes bend of vein M unusually remote from wing margin,
distance between bend and wing margin about 3-5 times that between bend and
cross- vein m-cu ; vein R2+s strongly bowed forward so that cell Rl is strongly
narrowed and tapering ; costal thorn longer than cross-vein r-m.

<$. Head : Interf rental area orange or reddish orange ; paraf rentals, parafacials, facial
ridges, antennal foveae, facial carina, epistome and genae orange-yellow with golden yellow
pollinosity ; postorbits pale yellow or silvery yellow pollinose ; postbuccae with pale yellow
ground colour and yellowish white hair ; genal hair golden yellow. Upper occiput greenish or
violet-black, slightly metallic, with thin greyish pollinosity, cerebrale orange. Eye-vertex-eye
ratio : 33 : 31 : 33. Interfrontal area very broad, about 3-7 times as wide as a parafrontal.
Facial carina very long and narrow, slightly fusiform and laterally compressed, a little longer
than distance from lunula to anterior ocellus and about 6-2-6-6 times as long as epistome ;

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 69

epistome therefore relatively short. Gena slightly more than one-sixth (o-iS-o-ig) of eye-height.
Parafacials narrow, only slightly wider than third antennal segment ; facial ridges nearly
straight in profile, with fine setulae for about one-third of their length above the vibrissae.
Postocellar setae fine and weak. Antennae inserted well above level of eye-middle in profile.
Antennae orange, third segment very long and about 6-2 times as long as second segment ; seta
on second segment short and rather weak, only about half as long as arista ; arista longer than
third antennal segment. Palpi yellow. Thorax : varying from bluish green (as in holotype)
to violet, but usually dark blue or violet-blue, slightly metallic. Mesonotum without obvious
pollinosity to naked eye, but when viewed from behind thin white pollinosity visible on all the
prescutum, humeral calli, notopleura and area of the supra-alar setae ; mesopleura and sterno-
pleura with patches of conspicuous white pollen, those on sternopleura less obvious than those
on mesopleura. Wings : uniformly and consistently dark brown, the colour even throughout
the wing and not at all faint in the middle of the cells. Bend of vein M unusually remote from
wing margin, distance from margin to bend 3-5-4-0 times that between the bend and cross-vein
m-cu ; or vein M distance from r-m to m-cu about four and half times that between m-cu and
the bend ; veins R2+3 and Rt+s strongly bowed forward, cell Rt very narrow and very
strongly tapering apically (Text-fig. 18). Costal spine long and conspicuous, longer than cross-
vein r-m. Lower calypter white, the margin darkened brownish apically and becoming very
dark brown on the scutellar margin. Legs : black, femora somewhat metallic violaceous.
Abdomen : unicolorous with the thorax, varying from bluish green to violet but most frequently
greenish blue or violet-blue, hind margins of intermediate segments appearing slightly black to
naked eye. T3 with very thin whitish pollinosity, best seen when viewed from behind, T4 with
thin white pollen laterally, the pollinosity inconspicuous but visible to naked eye on both
intermediate segments ; T5 dorsally with a band of white pollen on each side which extends
round laterally to lower surface, appearance of this pollinosity shifting with the light, but the
pollen more conspicuous to naked eye than that on T3 and T4_ The traces of whitish pollen
and the darkened intersegmental appearance give the abdomen a slightly banded appearance
to naked eye. Ti-f2 without median marginal setae ; T3 with two lateral marginal setae on
each side ; T3 and T4 without median discal setae. Hair of tergites rather fine and recumbent.
<J hypopygium as in figs. 31 and 34. Measurements : body length 13-6 mm. (range n-o-
15-8 mm.), wing length 12-2 mm. (range 9-9-13-7 mm.) [20 specimens].

$. Closely similar to ^ except in details of the facial carina and antennae. Facial carina
broader than in (J, ridge-like and not at all fusiform, only about 4-5 times as long as epistome
and equal in length to distance between lunula and anterior ocellus ; third antennal segment
not conspicuously elongate, about 4-5 times as long as second segment. Gena and parafacial
broader than in <$, gena about one-quarter of eye-height and parafacial over twice as wide as
third antennal segment. In profile antennae inserted about on a level with eye-middle.
Postorbits sometimes more conspicuously golden pollinose than in <$. Measurements : body
length 13-8 mm. (ii'5-i5'4 mm.), wing length 12-0 mm. (range 10-1-13-3) [20 specimens].

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype ?, SUMATRA : (Daldorf).

INDONESIA. SUMATRA : 3 $$, N. O. Sumatra, Deli (S. G. Martin) (Zool. Mus.
Humb. Univ.) ; 7 $£, Deli (G. Martin) (Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ.) ; 2 $$, Deli
(G. Martin) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; I $ (Westermann) (Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ.) ; 2 $$,
Tandiong Merah, iS.xii.igiS (/. B. Corporaal) (Zool. Mus. Amsterdam) ; i $,
Negri Baroe, 3.viii.igi7 (/. B. Corporaal) (Zool. Mus. Amsterdam). JAVA : i $,
Batoerradan, G. Siamat., 29.vii.i938 (F. C. Drescher) (Zool. Mus. Amsterdam) ;
i <$, G. Papandajan, Garoet, Preanger, 4-6,000 ft., i.iSgi (I. Z. Kannegieter) (B.M.
Nat. Hist.) ; i ?, Pelaboean, Ratoe (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; 2 <$<$, 2 $?, West Java,
Djampang Mts., G. Malang, 4,000 ft., 1.1938 (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; 2 <$<$, 2 $$, West

yo R. W. CROSSKEY

Java, Djampang Mts., Tjampana, viii.1937 (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, West Java,
Djampang Mts., G. Mimerang, ix.i938 (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, West Java, Djampang
Mts., Tjtalahab, ix.ig37 (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, West Java, Djampang Mts.,
G. Besser, xi.igay (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <$, 2 ??, West Java, Djampang Mts.,
Bibidjilan, x.1937 (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <$, West Java, Djampang Mts., Tjiangsana,
xi.iQ37 (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; 2 <$<$, West Java, Djampang Mts., Radjamandala,
1,200 ft., xi.iQ37 (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <j>, Balokambong, Tjiletoch Bay, viii.ig37
(B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; 8 $$, 3 $?, Soekaboemi, iii-vii.i926 (E. le Moult] (B.M. Nat.
Hist.) ; i <?, 3 ??, Soekaboemi, vi.i925 (E. le Moult] (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; 25 $$,
14 $$, Soekaboemi (E. le Moult) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; n <£?, i ? (E. le Moult) (B.M.
Nat. Hist.) ; 5 <&J (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; 2 ?$, Java occ., Preanger, 1-2,000 m. (D. Ent.
Inst.) ; i <£, Westjava, Sisoeroele, 800 m., ii-iii (Zobrys u. Wolter S. V.] (Zool. Mus.
Humb. Univ.) ; i $ (Westermann) (Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ.) ; i <$ (Fritz) (Zool.
Mus. Humb. Univ.) ; 2 $$, Garoet (Rijksmus. Leiden) ; i $ (Kuhl) (Rijksmus.
Leiden) ; i $ (v. Hartlieb) (Zool. Sammlung. Munich) ; i <$, Java occ., Preanger,
1-2,000 m. (Zool. Sammlung. Munich) ; i $ (Zool. Sammlung. Munich) ; i $,
Batavia (Staatl. Mus. Stuttgart) ; i $, Java (Oxford Mus.) ; i $, Depok, 13.^.1921
(Karny] (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i #, Depok (U.S. Nat. Mus.). In addition 3 $? without
data, presumed locality Java (Oxford Mus.).

Distribution : S. fuscipennis appears to be confined to the islands of Java and
Sumatra, and no specimens of true fuscipennis have been seen from elsewhere ; the
Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historic collection in Leiden contains a female
specimen labelled " Borneo ", but this is probably erroneous and there is no other
evidence that S. fuscipennis occurs in Borneo. All published records of
S. fuscipennis from anywhere other than Java or Sumatra are the result of misidenti-
fications. Engel (1925, p. 350) recorded fuscipennis from Canton and Formosa,
but examination of the material (in Zoologische Sammlung, Munich) on which these
records are based has shown that the specimen from Canton belongs to S. hoeneana
Enderlein and that the specimens from Formosa are a mixed series of S. latigena
Enderlein and S. sauteri Enderlein ; the specimens from Timor recorded by Engel
(loc. cit.) as fuscipennis, belong to the new species S. timorensis described on page 67.

AFFINITIES. 5. fuscipennis (Fabricius) is very closely allied to 5. latigena
Enderlein, the general facies and structure of the facial carina being very similar in
the two species, but is easily distinguished by the wing venation (cf. Text-figs. 18
and 20) ; in fuscipennis the bend of M is much more remote from the wing margin,
and the anteriormost veins strongly bowed forwards. The long costal spine also
distinguishes 5. fuscipennis from 5. latigena ; the wing of fuscipennis resembles
that of S. mackerrasi sp. n. but the two species are easily distinguished by the
characters given in the key.

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE

17

18

19

21

23

FIGS. 17-23. 17. Semi-diagrammatic representation of Ameniine wing showing measure-
ments made : bend of vein M to wing margin (A), m-cu to bend of M (B), and cross- vein
r-m to cross- vein m-cu (c). 18. Wing of Silbomyia fuscipennis (Fabricius) showing
remoteness of bend of vein M from wing margin and strong forward bowing of vein
•^2+3- J9- Apical half of wing of Amenia longicornis (Malloch). 20. Wing of typical
Silbomyia with Rz+3 not very strongly bowed forwards and cell R1 less strongly tapering
than in fuscipennis, bend of M not very remote from wing margin. 21. Wing of <$
Amenia imperialis Robineau-Desvoidy showing strong forward curvature of costa. 22.
Ventral surface of costa between apices of Sc and Rt in all Ameniinae other than Silbomyia.
23. Ventral surface of costa between apices of Sc and /?! in Silbomyia.

72 R. W. CROSSKEY

Silbomyia mackerrasi sp. n.

DIAGNOSIS. Ti+2 without median marginal setae ; wings uniformly dark
brown ; postorbits silvery white ; interfrontal area 3-5 times as wide as para-
frontal ; margin of lower calypter white.

$. Head : Interfrontal area orange ; upper parts of parafrontals yellowish, rather shining
and very thinly pollinose ; lower parts of parafrontals, parafacials and genae yellow with dense
golden yellow pollinosity ; facial carina, antennal foveae and epistome yellow with thin pale
yellow pollinosity ; postorbits silvery white ; postbuccae yellow, rather bare and shining.
Parafrontal hair black ; hair of genae, lower occiput and postbuccae golden yellow. Upper
occiput with thin but distinct even covering of whitish pollinosity over dark ground colour, not
appearing metallic as insect is turned ; cerebrale orange. Vertex slightly broader than one eye,
measured from above eye- vertex-eye ratio 9 : n : 9. Interfrontal area 3-5 times as wide as
parafrontal at level of lower proclinate orbital seta. Facial carina short and ridge-like, equal
in length to distance from lunula to anterior ocellus, 2-7 times as long as epistome. Gena 0-29
of eye-height. Parafacial about three times as wide as third antennal segment. Lower quarter
of each facial ridge with a few minute pale yellow hairs just above the normal few black hairs
near vibrissae. Postocellar setae very weak. Antennae pale orange, third segment 3-2 times
as long as second segment ; seta on second segment very long and fine, about equal in length to
third antennal segment and slightly shorter than arista. Palpi yellow. Thorax : blue-violet,
with very slight traces of bluish green colouring especially under white spots of mesopleura ;
hypopleura and pteropleura dark reddish brown with very faint violaceous reflections. Each
mesopleuron and sternopleuron with large area of white pollinosity, that on mesopleuron
forming bold spot from some points of view, but that on sternopleuron inconspicuous. Seen
from behind mesonotum showing conspicuous white pollinosity on notopleura and thin less
obvious white pollinosity anteriorly on prescutum and marginally on scutum. Wings : almost
uniformly and evenly dark brown. Distance between bend of vein M and wing margin 3-1
times as great as that between m-cu and bend ; on vein M distance from r-m to m-cu 4-3 times
as great as that between m-cu and bend. Costal spine well developed, about as long as cross-
vein r-m. Calyptrae white, including margin of lower calypter. Legs : brownish black,
femora with very slight violaceous tinge. Abdomen : mainly violet blue, mid dorsal area
rather more greenish blue. T3 with an extensive covering of thin white pollinosity which
extends round sides of tergite on to latero-ventral surfaces, appearance of this pollinosity
shifting greatly with direction of light, pollen most conspicuous seen from behind ; T4 non-
pollinose and rather strongly shining ; T5 with a broad band of white pollinosity on each side
which starts near mid dorsum and extends round to ventral surface, white bands of each side
only narrowly separated medially but not conspicuous dorsally from all points of view, in some
lights almost disappearing. Ti + 2 without median marginal setae ; T3 with a single strong
lateral marginal seta on each side (two in fuscipennis) ; T$ andT4 without median discal setae.
Hair of T5 semi-erect, that of preceding tergites all fine and recumbent. Measurements : body
length 1 1-2 mm., wing length 10-3 mm. [i specimen].

<J. Unknown, but probably very like $ (head almost certainly not strongly sexually
dimorphic) .

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype $, INDONESIA : Lombok, 29-30. vi. 1929 (/. M.
Mackerras}. In Division of Entomology Museum, C.S.I.R.O., Canberra.

Distribution : At present known only from holotype specimen from Lombok
Island, Indonesia.

AFFINITIES. S. mackerrasi sp. n. appears most closely related to S. fuscipennis,
agreeing with this species in the very uniformly dark wings and bend of vein M
unusually remote from wing margin ; it differs from fuscipennis by the characters

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 73

given in the key to species, most easily seen difference being the silvery white instead
of yellow postorbits (a character which also distinguishes mackerrasi from
5. latigena). There is a close superficial resemblance between 5. mackerrasi and
S. sauteri but the former differs from the latter by the evenly dark wings, lack of
abdominal discal setae, longer costal spine and white border to lower calypter ;
the last of these characters mackerrasi shares with S. asiatica and S. metallica but
both of these species differ from mackerrasi in the unevenly infuscate wings and closer
proximity of bend of vein M to wing margin as well as other characters.

Silbomyia latigena Enderlein, 1936

Stilbomyia latigena Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dtsch. KolonMus. Bremen 1 : 438. Lectotype <$,
FORMOSA. In the Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Berlin.

LECTOTYPE DESIGNATION : no holotype of this species was designated by
Enderlein, and the type-material consists of a series of syntypes (in D. Ent. Inst.,
Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ., and B.M. Nat. Hist.), some labelled by Enderlein as
" type " and others as " cotype ". One of the <$ syntypes has been labelled and is
here designated as lectotype, and the remaining syntypes have been labelled as
paralectotypes.

DIAGNOSIS. Ti + 2 without median marginal setae ; bend of vein M not strikingly
remote from wing margin ; postorbits yellow or silvery yellow pollinose ; facial
carina long and somewhat fusiform (especially in <£), about four times as long as
epistome and longer than distance from lunula to anterior ocellus, antennae sexually
dimorphic and in $ about four and a half times as long as second segment.

cJ. Head : Interfrontal area bright orange or yellow-orange ; parafrontals, parafacials,
facial ridges, antennal foveae, facial carina, epistome and genae orange-yellow with golden
yellow pollinosity ; postorbits all pale yellow or silvery yellow, occasionally rather silvery near
the middle and brassy silver above and below, normally not strikingly contrasting in colour
with yellow genae ; postbuccae yellow with orange-yellow hair ; genal hair all golden yellow.
Upper occiput slightly metallic greenish to violaceous black, only appearing thinly yellowish
grey pollinose in certain lights ; cerebrale orange. Eye-vertex-eye ratio about 6:9:6, vertex
very distinctly broader than an eye viewed from above. Interfrontal area very broad, 3-3-3-6
times as wide as a parafrontal. Facial carina long and narrow, slightly pinched in inwardly
and a little fusiform in shape, the carina about i-i times as long as distance from lunula to
anterior ocellus and about 3-5-4-2 times as long as epistome. Gena about one-fifth (0-20-0-22)
of eye-height. Parafacial about 1-75 times as wide as third antennal segment ; facial ridges
nearly straight in profile, with fine setulae for about one third of their length above vibrissae.
Postocellar setae strongly developed, curved and strongly divergent as the ocellar setae. An-
tennae orange, third segment 4-4-4-6 times as long as second segment ; seta on second segment
shorter than arista ; arista equal in length to third antennal segment. Palpi yellow. Thorax :
usually violet or blue-violet, but colour ranging from dark green through blue-green to dark
blue and violet, slightly metallic ; hypopleura, pteropleura and anterior parts of sternopleura
somewhat reddish. Mesonotal pollinosity not evident to naked eye except on extreme anterior
margin, but in certain lights by microscopical examination thin white pollinosity visible on all of
prescutum, humeral calli, notopleura, area of supra-alar setae, and post-alar calli ; mesopleuron
with a conspicuous area of dense white pollen, sternopleuron with inconspicuous white pollinosity
visible in some lights. Wings : dark brown infuscate, the infuscation heaviest along the veins
and slightly weaker in the cells. Bend of vein M not remote from wing margin (Text-fig. 20)

74 R. W. CROSSKEY

distance from margin to bend 1-75-2-0 times that between the bend and cross-vein m-cu ; on
vein M distance from r-m to m-cu about 3-25 times that between m-cu and bend ; veins Ra+s
and Rt+6 not conspicuously bowed forward. Costal spine short. Entire margin of lower
calypter very dark brown and conspicuously contrasting with white disc of calypter. Legs :
black, fore femora and to a lesser extent other femora somewhat violaceous ; tibiae slightly
brownish. Abdomen : unicolorous with the thorax, ranging from dark green to violet but most
often violet-blue ; in greenish or bluish specimens very narrow darker bands are evident at
junctions of the tergites. Abdomen dorsally appearing more or less non-pollinose to naked eye,
but in fact T3 is rather densely and evenly white pollinose seen from behind in microscopical
examination, T4 shining and without pollinosity, T5 ventro-laterally with narrow bands of
white pollinosity visible in some lights but these bands not extending on to dorsum of the tergite.
Ti-f 2 without median marginal setae ; T3 with two lateral marginal setae on each side ; T3
and T4 without median discal setae. Hair of T3 and T4 mainly rather fine and recumbent, but
erect and slightly spiniform on mid-line of T3 and on median quarter or third of T4 ; hair of TS
long and erect. <$ hypopygium closely similar to S. fuscipennis. Measurements : body length
14-1 mm. (range 12-2-16-3 mm.), wing length n-6 mm. (range 9-5-13-7 mm.) [20 specimens].

$. Generally like the <J but differing slightly in details of the head : facial carina broader
than in $, not at all laterally compressed or spindle-shaped, somewhat rounded on outer edge,
the carina about 2-9-3-25 times as long as epistome and a little shorter than distance from lunula
to anterior ocellus ; third antennal segment shorter than in <$, 3-6-3-8 times as long as second
segment. Gena about one-third (0-33-0-35) of eye-height, parafacial nearly three times as wide
as third antennal segment. Vertex slightly wider than in £, more conspicuously broader than
an eye viewed from above. Hair on middle parts of intermediate abdominal tergites not
spiniform and erect as in <$, but recumbent as on rest of these tergites ; hair of T5 erect as in <$
but shorter, finer and sparser. Postorbits more conspicuously yellow pollinose than in (J.
Measurements : body length 13-5 mm. (range 11-2-16-8 mm.), wing length 11-4 mm. (range
9-1-13-5 mm.) [20 specimens].

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Lectotype $, FORMOSA : Tainan, iv.igio (Sauter).
Paralectotypes : FORMOSA : i $, 4 $<j>, data as for lectotype (D. Ent. Inst.) ; i <j,
2 $$, Formosa I. (Sauter) (D. Ent. Inst.) ; i $, i $>, Yamo no Taiko, ix.igoS (H.
Sauter} (D. Ent. Inst.) ; 3 £?, Kanshizei, v.igoS (Sauter} (D. Ent. Inst. & B.M. Nat.
Hist.) ; i <j>, Takao, ix.igoy (H. Sauter} (Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ.) ; i ^, i $, Toyen-
mongai bei Tainan, v.igio (Rolle) (Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ.) ; i $, 3 <j><j>, Kosun,
v.igoS (Sauter} (D. Ent. Inst.) ; i $, Koshun, v.igoS (Sauter) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ;

1 c£, i $, Koshun, viii.igoS (Sauter) (D. Ent. Inst.) ; i °-, Kankau, Koshun, 7.xi.igi2
(H. Sauter) (D. Ent. Inst.) ; i $, Kankau, Koshun, 7.viii.i9i2 (H. Sauter) (Zool.
Mus. Humb. Univ.) ; i <£, i $, Kankau, ix.igi2 (H. Sauter) (Zool. Mus. Humb.
Univ.) ; i $, Formosa (Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ.).

FORMOSA : 10 specimens of S. latigena labelled erroneously by Enderlein as "type"
or " cotype " of " Stilbomyia sauteri End. " (7 specimens), and " Stilbomyia sauteri
var. viridis End. " (3 specimens), data as follows : i $, nordl. Paiwan Distr., Faroe,
7.ix.i9i2 (H. Sauter) (D. Ent. Inst.) ; i <j>, Takao, 19.1.1908 (H. Sauter) (Zool. Mus.
Humb. Univ.) ; i $, Kosempo, 31^.1908 (H. Sauter) (Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ.) ;

2 &?, Formosa I. (Sauter) (D. Ent. Inst. & Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ.) ; 2 $$, Koshun,
viii.igoS (Sauter) (D. Ent. Inst.) ; i <$, Kankau, Koshun, 7.xi.i9i2 (H. Sauter)
(Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ.) ; i <£, i $, Kankau, Koshun, 7.viii. and 7.xi.i9i2
(H. Sauter) (D. Ent. Inst.). Two specimens labelled by Enderlein as " Stilbomyia
latigena var. viridis — cotype Enderl. $ " (unpublished varietal name of latigena),

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 75

data as follows : i $, Koshun, viii.igoS (Sauter) and i $, Kankau, Koshun,
7.viii.i9i2 (H. Sauter} (D. Ent. Inst).

Each specimen listed above bears an identity label in Enderlein's writing. A
further 30 specimens of Sauter's material have been seen which are not labelled by
Enderlein ; there is no evidence that Enderlein saw this additional material, which I
have therefore not considered to be part of the syntypic series and have not labelled
as paralectotypes. Data are as follows : FORMOSA : i <$, nordl. Paiwan Distr.,
Faroe, x.igi2 (H. Sauter} (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i ?, nordl. Paiwan Distr., Paroe,
7.ix.i9i2 (H. Sauter} (D. Ent. Inst.) ; i $, nordl. Paiwan Distr., Paroe, 7.ix.igi2
(H. Sauter} (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; 2 ??, Chipun, Puyuma Distr., vii.igi2 (H. Sauter}
(D. Ent. Inst. and B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i ?, Fuhosho, vii.igog (H. Sauter} (D. Ent.
Inst.) ; i $, Kosempo, iv.igoS (H. Sauter} (D. Ent. Inst.) ; i $, Kanshirei, v.igoS
(H. Sauter) (D. Ent. Inst.) ; i & Formosa I. (Sauter) (D. Ent. Inst.) ; 2 $$, i ?,
Sokutsu, ix.igi2 (H. Sauter) (D. Ent. Inst. and B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <£, Tainan,
iv.igio (Sauter) (D. Ent. Inst.) ; i $, Koshun, vii.igog (Sauter) (D. Ent. Inst.);

1 cJ, Koshun, vii.igoS (Sauter) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, Koshun, 7.viii.igi2 (H. Sauter)
(B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; 2 <fcj, 3 $$, Koshun, v. and viii.igoS (Sauter) (D. Ent. Inst.) ;

2 <$<$, i $, Kankau, Koshun, ix. and 7.xi.igi2 (H. Sauter) (D. Ent. Inst.) ; i ?,
Kankau, Koshun, iv.igi2 (H. Sauter) (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i #, Kankau, ix.igi2
(H. Sauter) (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i <?, 3 $>? (Sawter) (Zool. Sammlung. Munich).

Other material : FORMOSA : 4 ?$, is.x.igio (H. Rolle) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i ?,
Koannania, 22.vii.igo8 (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i ?, N. Formosa, Kushaku, v.igo3
(Haberer) (Zool. Sammlung. Munich) ; 3 $$, Tainan (B.M. Nat. Hist., Zool.
Sammlung. Munich and Staatl. Mus. Stuttgart) ; i ?, " Japan ", Formosa, Shinkwa,
i6.x.ig26 (S. Takano) (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i $, Formosa (no other data) (ex coll.
Brunetti) (B.M. Nat. Hist.).

Distribution : 5. latigena is confined to the island of Formosa, where it is evidently
common and occurs in company with the closely related S. sauteri Enderlein. The
specimen collected by the Japanese dipterist Professor Takano, now in the U.S.
National Museum and labelled " JAPAN, Formosa, Shinkwa ", is from Formosa ;
it was collected in ig26 when Formosa formed part of the Japanese Empire and the
word " Japan " on the label indicates that the specimen was collected in one of the
then Japanese islands. The genus Silbomyia is absent from Japan.

AFFINITIES. Most closely allied to 5. fuscipennis and 5. sauteri. From 5-
fuscipennis it is distinguished by the venational characters mentioned in the key,
and also by the shorter facial carina and antennae, and broader vertex ; the abdomen
also differs from that in S. fuscipennis, there being no white pollinosity on T4, and
the hair on T5 being erect (in $ erect also in middle of T3 and T4), whereas the
abdominal hair in 5. fuscipennis is entirely recumbent. 5. latigena is easily distin-
guishable from S. sauteri by the yellow or silvery yellow pollinose postocular stripe
(all bright silver in sauteri}, by the much longer more fusiform facial carina and longer
$ antennae, and by the absence of median discal setae on T3 and T4 of the abdomen
(such setae normally present in sauteri}. The differences from S. sauteri apply also
to S. hoeneana Enderlein.

76 R. W. CROSSKEY

Silbomyia sauteri Enderlein, 1936

Stilbomyia sauteri Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dtsch. KolonMus. Bremen 1 : 439. Lectotype <J,
FORMOSA. In the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin.

Stilbomyia sauteri var. viridis Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dtsch. KolonMus. Bremen 1 : 439.
Lectotype $, FORMOSA. In the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin.

LECTOTYPE DESIGNATIONS : Enderlein did not designate holotype specimens for
S. sauteri or for 5. sauteri var. viridis, type-material of both of which consists of a
series of syntypes variously labelled as ' type ' or ' cotype '. A <£ from the syntype
series of 5. sauteri, and a <$ from the syntype series of 5. sauteri var. viridis, have
been labelled and are here designated as lectotypes ; remaining syntypes have been
labelled as paralectotypes.

DIAGNOSIS. At least one and usually both of intermediate abdominal tergites
with a pair or more of strong spiniform discal setae and median marginal setae
absent on Ti +2 ; facial carina short and roof-ridge like, not at all fusiform ; post-
orbits silvery white ; entire margin of lower calypter dark brown.

o*. Head : Interfrontal area orange or yellow-orange ; paraf rentals, parafacials, facial
ridges, antennal foveae, facial carina, epistome and genae orange-yellow with golden yellow
pollinosity ; postorbits bright silver pollinose, conspicuously contrasting with yellow genae and
postbuccae ; postbuccae yellow with golden yellow hair ; genal hair all golden yellow. Upper
occiput dark greenish to violaceous, metallic in some lights but with very thin greyish pollinosity ;
cerebrale orange. Eye-vertex-eye ratio : 5:7:5. Interfrontal area very broad, 3-3-3-6
times as wide as a parafrontal. Facial carina short and rather broad, more or less ridge-like
and not at all laterally compressed or fusiform, the carina conspicuously shorter (0-75-0-85) than
the distance from lunula to anterior ocellus and about 2-8-3-3 times as long as epistome. Gena
two-ninths (0-22) of eye-height. Parafacial nearly two and a half times as wide as third antennal
segment ; facial ridges very slightly concave in profile, with fine setulae extending for a little
over a quarter of the length above vibrissae. Postocellar setae variable, sometimes strong but
more often only moderately or weakly developed, occasionally two pairs. Antennae pale
orange, third segment relatively short, 3-4-3-5 times as long as second segment ; seta on second
antennal segment equal in length to arista ; arista distinctly longer (about 1-3 times) than
third antennal segment. Palpi yellow. Thorax : varying from green to violet, but most often
greenish blue to violaceous blue, mesonotum metallic, scutellum sometimes more strongly violet
than scutum and prescutum ; hypopleura and pteropleura in part somewhat reddish. Meso-
notum with whitish pollinosity visible to naked eye only on anterior margin of prescutum and
on notopleural areas, but microscopic examination from behind showing thin whitish pollinosity
also on humeral calli, most of prescutum and post-alar calli, and very conspicuously in some
lights between post ia setae and supra-alar setae ; mesopleura and sternopleura with large
conspicuous areas of white pollinosity. Wings : generally similar to those of S. latigena but
vein proportions by measurement slightly different. Dark brown infuscate, most strongly
browned along the veins, paler in the cells and to the hind margin. Distance from wing margin
to bend of M 1-4-1-7 times as great as that between bend and m-cu ; on vein M distance between
r-m and m-cu 2-4-3-0 (usually 2-7-2-9) times as great as that between m-cu and the bend.
Costal spine short. Entire border of lower calypter dark brown. Legs : black except for the
femora dark metallic greenish black to violaceous. Abdomen : unicolorous with the thorax,
ranging from bright green to violet, most often violaceous blue ; in naked eye appearance with
a suggestion of narrow darker intersegmental bands. T3 with white pollinosity conspicuous
on most of its surface when viewed from behind dorsally, the pollinosity extending round the
sides of the tergite to form narrower bands of bright silvery pollinosity visible in some lights
ventro-laterally ; T4 rather shining and non-pollinose ; T5 dorsally somewhat shining and
non-pollinose but ventro-laterally and laterally with areas of silvery white pollen conspicuous in

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 77

some lights, the appearance shifting ; pollinosity of T3 and T5 not at all conspicuous to naked
eye. Ti + 2 without median marginal setae ; T3 with one or two lateral marginal setae on
each side ; T3 almost always with strong spiniform median discal setae, usually one pair but
occasionally two pairs, or sometimes rather irregular in number and haphazardly arranged ;
T4 usually with, sometimes without, one pair of strong median discal setae. Hair of T3 and T4
long, strong and erect, conspicuously spiniform, on the middle of the tergites, less strong and
more recumbent laterally, the spiniform hair especially long and strong on mid-line of T3 ;
hair of T5 long and erect, finer than or. preceding tergites and not conspicuously spiniform.
<J hypopygium as in Text-figs. 33 and 36. Measurements : body length 13-3 mm. (range 11-3-
15-1 mm.), wing length 10-5 mm. (9-6-12-4 mm.) [10 specimens].

9. Almost identical with $, except for very slight differences as follows : gena a little broader,
nearly one-third (0-3) of eye-height ; parafacial broader, about three and a half times as wide
as third antennal segment ; third antennal segment a little shorter, 3-0 times as long as second
segment. Facial carina not noticeably sexually dimorphic (cf. latigena). Measurements :
body length 12-1 mm. (range 10-1-14-2 mm.), wing length 10-7 mm. (range 9-0-12-0 mm.)
[14 specimens].

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Lectotype $ (S. sauteri Enderlein), FORMOSA : Kosempo,
31.1.1908 (H. Sauter) ; Lectotype $ (S. sauteri var. viridis Enderlein), FORMOSA :
Suisharyo, x.ign (H. Sauter}. Paralectotypes of 5. sauteri : FORMOSA : i $,
Kosempo, iv-v.igoS (H. Sauter) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, Kosempo, iv-v.iQoS (H.
Sauter) (Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ.) ; 2 $9, Toyenmongai bei Tainan, V.IQIO (Rolle)
(Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ.) ; i $, Tainan, iv.iQio (Sauter} (D. Ent. Inst.) ; i $,
Tainan, iv.igio (Sauter} (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <£, Kankau, Koshun, 7.viii.i9i2
(H. Sauter} (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, Koshun, viii.igoS (Sauter} (D. Ent. Inst.) ; i ?,
Faroe, nordl. Paiwan Distr., y.ix.igia (H. Sauter} (D. Ent. Inst.) ; i $, Formosa (D.
Ent. Inst.). Paralectotypes of S. sauteri var. viridis : FORMOSA : i $, Suisharyo,
X.IQII (H. Sauter} (D. Ent. Inst.) [not a green specimen although labelled viridis
by Enderlein] ; i <$, i $, Koshun, v. & viii.igoS (Sauter} (D. Ent. Inst.) ; i $,
Kankau, ix.i9i2 (H. Sauter} (Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ.).

FORMOSA : i $, i $, Yamo no Taiko, ix.igoS (H. Sauter) (B.M. Nat. Hist. & D.
Ent. Inst.) ; i $, Polisha, xii.igoS (H. Sauter) (D. Ent. Inst.) ; i <j>, Kanshizei,
v.igoS (Sauter) (D. Ent. Inst.) ; i <£, 2 $$, Formosa (no other data) (ex. coll. Brunetti}
(B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <$, Formosa I. (Sauter) (D. Ent. Inst.) ; 2 $$, Suisharyo,
x.igii (Sauter) (B.M. Nat. Hist. & D. Ent. Inst.) ; 3 $<$, Tainan (Zool. Sammlung,
Munich & B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; 2 $$, i $, Formosa (Sauter} (Zool. Sammlung, Munich) ;
i $, Formosa (Sauter} (Staatl. Mus. Stuttgart) ; i $, Koshun, viii.igoS (Sauter}
(B.M. Nat. Hist.) [green specimen] ; i $, Suisharyo, x.igii (H. Sauter} (D. Ent.
Inst.) [green specimen] ; i $, Paroe, nordl. Paiwan Distr., 7.ix.i9i2 (H. Sauter)
(D. Ent. Inst.) [green specimen].

Note : 10 specimens labelled by Enderlein as ' type ' or ' cotype ' of S. sauteri and
S. sauteri var. viridis belong to S. latigena Enderlein and are therefore listed among
the material examined of S. latigena ; these specimens are nonetheless paralectotypes
of S. sauteri and 5. sauteri var. viridis.

Distribution : Occurs only in Formosa, together with 5. latigena Enderlein.

AFFINITIES. Very closely related to 5. hoeneana Enderlein from the mainland of
China, with a very similar facial carina and silvery white postocular stripe. It is

78 R. W. CROSSKEY

possible that S. hoeneana and S. sauteri are conspecific, for the morphological dis-
tinctions are certainly slight, but on the evidence available at present it appears
best to recognise the two species as distinct. 5. sauteri is distinguished from 5.
hoeneana by the broader interfrontal area (about three and a half times as wide as a
paraf rental), by the presence in almost all specimens of median discal setae on at
least one and usually both intermediate abdominal tergites, and normally by the
violet-blue coloration (S. hoeneana always green in the material seen). 5. sauteri is
easily distinguished from S. latigena, also from Formosa, by the short facial carina
(not at all fusiform as in latigena) and silver-white postorbits.

DISCUSSION. With present evidence it is not possible to accord separate syste-
matic status to the green-coloured form of this species (var. viridis of Enderlein).
Green specimens appear to be conspecific with the commoner violet-blue specimens,
and specimens with this different coloration have been seen with identical data ;
the difference is certainly not subspecific in the absence of allopatry. It is worth
noting however that the wings are slightly shorter in relation to the body length in
green specimens than in violet-blue specimens, the wing length being about ten-
thirteenths of the body length in bright green individuals and eleven or twelve-
thirteenths of the body length in blue to violet specimens. As yet there is insufficient
material available to assess the significance of this apparent distinction.

Silbomyia hoeneana Enderlein, 1936

Stilbomyia hoeneana Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dtsch. KolonMus. Bremen 1 : 439. Lectotype <$,
CHINA. In the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin.

LECTOTYPE DESIGNATION : the available type-material of S. hoeneana comprises
eight syntypes collected by Dr. Mell in China, seven labelled by Enderlein as ' Type '
and one (in Staatl. Mus. Stuttgart) as ' Cotype '. A ^ syntype in Zool. Mus. Humb.
Univ. has been labelled and is here designated as lectotype, and the other syntypes
have been labelled as paralectotypes (three in Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ., two in B.M.
Nat. Hist, and one in D. Ent. Inst.). In the original description Enderlein mentions
two specimens from Nanking in addition to the material collected by Dr. Mell ; the
whereabouts of these two syntypes has not been traced.

DIAGNOSIS. Very similar to S. sauteri but lacking median discal setae on inter-
mediate abdominal tergites.

cJ. Head : Interfrontal area orange or orange-yellow ; parafrontals, parafacials, facial ridges,
antennal foveae, facial carina, epistome and genae yellow with golden yellow pollinosity ;
postorbits with blackish ground colour and dense silvery pollinosity conspicuously contrasting
with yellow genae. Parafrontal hair black, hair of genae long and yellow. Upper occiput dark
greenish metallic in certain lights, thinly whitish pollinose ; cerebrale orange. Eye-vertex-eye
ratio about 5:7:5. Interfrontal area very broad, 3'3-3'5 times as wide as a parafrontal at level
of lower proclinate orbital seta. Facial carina short and broad, rather ridge-like and not at all
fusiform, carina slightly shorter (0-9) than distance from lunula to anterior ocellus and 2-8-3-0
times as long as epistome. Gena about two-ninths (0-22) of eye-height. Parafacial two and a
half times as wide as third antennal segment ; facial ridges distinctly concave in profile with
fine hairs above vibrissae confined to lower quarters. Postocellar setae usually strongly de-
veloped, sometimes two pairs. Antennae pale orange, third segment 3'7~3'9 times as long as

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 79

second segment ; seta on second segment long and strong, about as long as arista ; arista much
longer than third antennal segment. Palpi yellow. Thorax : mesonotum usually emerald-
green, occasionally with cupreous reflections, violaceous blue in one specimen seen ; scutellum
sometimes more bluish than mesonotum ; sides of thorax green or bluish green, hypopleura and
pteropleura more reddish brown with metallic greenish reflections. Dorsum with white
pollinosity, conspicuous seen from behind, on humeral calli, notopleura, areas of supra-alar
setae, prescutum and postalar calli. Mesopleura and sternopleura with usual large densely
pollinose white spots. Wings : dark brown infuscate, the infuscation distinctly weaker in
centres of cells and along hind margin. Distance from bend of vein M to wing margin 1-5-1-7
times as great as that between bend and m-cu ; on vein M distance from r-m to m-cu 2-6-3-5
times as great as that between m-cu and bend. Costal spine distinct, a little shorter than
r-m. Margin of lower calypter dark brown, calyptrae otherwise white. Legs : black, femora
with dark greenish metallic reflections. Abdomen : usually unicolorous with dorsum of thorax
occasionally slightly more blue, colour usually emerald green but sometimes greenish blue,
violet in one specimen seen. T3 with white pollinosity on most of dorsum, conspicuous from
behind, the pollinosity extending round the sides of the tergite to form conspicuous silvery
white median bands ventro-laterally ; T4 non-pollinose ; T5 with a pair of large white pollinose
areas ventro-laterally which extend round sides of tergite just on to dorsum, appearance of
these spots shifting with the light. Ti + 2 without median marginal setae ; T3 with a variable
number of lateral marginal setae on each side, usually two but occasionally three or four,
sometimes one strong seta and one much weaker one ; T3 and T4 without median discal setae.
Hair of T3 and T4 sometimes mostly recumbent but sometimes almost all semi-erect or erect,
conspicuously thickened and spiniform on median dorsal area of each intermediate tergite ;
hair of T5 long and erect, sometimes very slightly spiniform but always finer than on preceding
tergites, o* hypopygium as in S. sauteri (Text-fig. 33). Measurements : body length 14-6 mm.
(range 12-9-16-8 mm.), wing length 12-4 mm. (range 10-5-14-9 mm.) [n specimens].

$. Very similar to 6*. antennae and facial carina not noticeably sexually dimorphic. Gena
and parafacial broader than in $, former about one-third (0-33-0-36) of eye-height, latter about
three and a half times as wide as third antennal segment. Measurements : body length
15-0 mm. (range 13-2-17-4 mm.) ; wing length 13-4 mm. (range 11-7-15-9 mm.) [18 specimens].

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Lectotype $, CHINA : Canton, Tsha-jiu-san, i^.vii.igio
(S. V. Mell). Paralectotypes : CHINA : i $, Canton, Tsha-jiu-san, I4.vii.igio (S.
V. Mell) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, i ?, Tsha-jiu-san, vii-vm.igio (S. V. Mell) (Zool.
Mus. Humb. Univ.) ; 2 $?, Canton (S. V. Mell) (D. Ent. Inst. & Zool. Mus. Humb.
Univ.) ; 2 $$, Canton (S. V. Mell) (B.M. Nat. Hist. & Staatl. Mus. Stuttgart).

CHINA : i $, Canton, I4.vii.i9io (Zool. Sammlung. Munich) ; i $, Kiukiang,
vii.i887 (Pratt) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <J, i $, Szechuen, Mt. Omei, Si Gi Pin, viii.1925
(D. C. Graham) (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; 3 ?$, Szechuen, Mt. Omei, Si Gi Pin, 6-7,000 ft.,
10-22. viii. 1934 (D. C. Graham) (U.S. Nat. Mus. & B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, Szechuen,
Mt. Omei, Si Gi Pin, 6-7,000 ft. (D. C. Graham) (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i $, i $, Szechuen
Mt. Omei, Shin Kai Si, 4,400 ft. (D. C. Graham) (B.M. Nat. Hist. & U.S. Nat. Mus.) ;
i <$, Szechuen, Mt. Omei, Shin Kai Si, 4,400-5,000 ft., 20-26. viii. 1934 (D. C. Graham)
(U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i <$, Szechuen, Mt. Omei, 4,400-7,000 ft. 20-22. viii. 1934 (D. C.
Graham) (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i $, Szechuen, Mt. Omei, 4-6,000 ft., 10-22. viii. 1934
(D. C. Graham) (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i ?, Szechuen, 1922 (D. C. Graham) (U.S. Nat.
Mus.) ; 4 $$, Nanking, 22.vii.i924 (C. Y. Wong) (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; 2 $$, Nanking,
23.^.1924 (H. A. Jaynes) (U.S. Nat. Mus. & B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; 2 <?<?, i ?, Ruling,
3.vi.-8.vii.i926 (C. Y. Wong) (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i $, Ruling, 7^.1926 (C. Y. Wong)
(B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, Hangchow, Mokanshan, ex foliage, 2O.vii.i924 (/. F.

8o R. W. CROSSKEY

Illingworth) (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i <£, labelled ' China, Honan Isld. ' and ' Hong Kong ',
no other data (Staatl. Mus. Stuttgart).

Note : some of the specimens listed above in U.S. Nat. Mus. are labelled as type
and paratypes of ' Stilbomyia chinensis Malloch ' ; this is an unpublished manu-
script name.

In addition to the foregoing material I have seen a small specimen (in U.S. Nat.
Mus.) in which the third antennal segment bears two small black setulae basally on
the outer surface but in other respects appears to be a typical specimen of 5. hoeneana :
Malloch has labelled this specimen ' Stilbomyia chinensis v. seticornis, Type ' but this
is an unpublished manuscript name. For the present this specimen may be ten-
tatively identified as 5. hoeneana, and its data are identical with those of a normal
specimen of this species ($, CHINA : Nanking, 23.vii.ig24 (H. A. Jaynes)).

Distribution : Known only from southern China.

AFFINITIES. Very closely allied to 5. sauteri Enderlein, and perhaps not specifically
distinct : all specimens of hoeneana seen (from China) lack median discal setae on
the intermediate abdominal tergites, whereas these setae are present on at least one
of the intermediate tergites in material of sauteri (all from Formosa). In the
absence of any evidence to the contrary it seems best to regard the two forms as
distinct species for the present.

Silbomyia asiatica sp. n.

DIAGNOSIS. Ti+2 without median marginal setae ; lower calypter with white
margin ; interf rental area 2-4-2-8 times as wide as paraf rental ; facial carina and
antennae not sexually dimorphic.

<J. Head : Interfrontal area orange yellow ; upper parts of parafrontals semi-translucent
yellowish, rather shining and non-pollinose ; lower parafrontals and parafacials densely
yellowish white pollinose, colour more yellowish inwardly, in some lights the parafacials appearing
rather brightly shining white ; facial carina, antennal foveae and epistome yellow with thin
yellowish white pollinosity ; genae yellow with dense golden yellow pollinosity ; postorbits
densely silvery white pollinose over dark ground colour, pollinosity thinner on upper end of
each postorbit which appears slightly shining in certain lights. Paraf rental hair black ;
hair of genae golden yellow. Upper occiput dark metallic greenish from some points of view
but evenly covered with white pollinosity ; cerebrale orange. Vertex by measurement equal
in width to an eye viewed from above. Interfrontal area 2-4-2-8 times as wide as a parafrontal
at level of lower proclinate orbital seta. Facial carina short and ridge-like, sometimes widened
below, 2-3-2-6 times as long as epistome and distinctly shorter than (0-8) distance from lunula
to anterior ocellus. Gena slightly less than (0-22-0-24) a quarter of eye-height. Parafacial
about 2-2-2-5 times as wide as third antennal segment. Facial ridges slightly concave in
profile, fine hairs above vibrissae confined to lower quarter of each ridge. Postocellar setae
weakly developed. Antennae orange, third segment 3-3 times as long as second segment ;
seta on second segment long and strong, about equal in length to arista, latter longer than third
antennal segment. Palpi yellow. Thorax : green, sometimes with slight bluish or cupreous
tinge on mesonotum, mesopleura and sternopleura with the usual large white pollinose spots ;
pteropleura and hypopleura reddish brown with violaceous reflections ; mesonotum conspicu-
ously white pollinose marginally, the pollinosity especially evident on notopleura and areas of
supra-alar setae, prescutum and postalar calli also whitish pollinose. Wings : dark brown
infuscate, the infuscation concentrated broadly along the veins and obviously paler in middle

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 81

of cells and on hind margin. Distance between bend of vein M and wing margin i- 8-2-1
times as great as that between m-cu and bend ; on vein M distance from r-m to m-cu 3-0-3-5
times as great as that between m-cu and bend. Costal spine well developed but shorter than
r-m. Calyptrae white, including margin of lower calypter. Legs : blackish, tibae dark brown,
femora with dark metallic greenish or bluish violet reflections. Abdomen : brilliant metallic
green to bluish green, sometimes with a coppery tinge, more blue or violaceous ventrally.
T3 appearing non-pollinose to naked eye but dorsally with thin white pollinosity visible from
behind under microscopic examination, each ventro-lateral surface with a broad median band
of shining white pollinosity conspicuous to naked eye ; T4 non-pollinose and rather brilliantly
shining dorsally, sometimes with small traces of whitish pollinosity ventro-laterally ; T5 with a
pair of large white pollinose spots ventra-laterally, the spots extending round the sides of the
tergite on to the latero-dorsal surfaces and their appearance shifting with the light. Ti-)-2
without median marginal setae ; T3 with one lateral marginal seta on each side ; T3 and T^
without discal setae. Hair of intermediate tergites recumbent laterally but erect and slightly
thickened on median areas ; hair of T5 semi-erect to erect, finer than on preceding tergites.
(J hypopygium similar to fuscipennis. Measurements : body length 11-3 mm. (range 9-2-
12-7 mm.), wing length 9-6 mm. (range 8-2-10-3 mm.) [4 specimens].

?. Almost identical with Q", differing in minor detail as follows : gena broader, 0-35 of
eye-height ; parafacial broader, about 3-4 times as wide as third antennal segment ; antennae
slightly shorter, third segment 2-7 times as long as second segment ; abdominal hair all
recumbent. Measurements : body length 10-3, 13-7 mm., wing length 9-7, 11-7 mm.
[2 specimens].

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype <$, THAILAND (SIAM) : Biserat, iS.x.igoi
(H. C. Robinson & N. Annandale). In British Museum (Natural History), London.
Paratypes : 2 <$<$, data as for holotype except dates 19 & 20. x. 1901 (B.M. Nat.
Hist.) ; 2 (££, i $, INDIA : Darjeeling District, Mungpoo, 21. ¥.1920 (R. Senior-
White) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <j>, MALAYA : Malacca, Quedah (v. d. Does de Bye]
(Rijksmus. Leiden).

Distribution : South-east Asia from India to Malaya.

AFFINITIES. 5. asiatica sp. n. appears to be most closely related to S. hoeneana
Enderlein and S. metallica sp. n. ; from hoeneana it is distinguished by the white
margin to the lower calypter, by the narrower interfrontal area and smaller size,
and from metallica by the much broader interfrontal area. From both these species
it also differs in the shining creamy whitish appearance of the parafacials when seen
from above. There is some resemblance to S. sumba sp. n. but 5. asiatica sp. n. is at
once distinguished from this species by the absence of median marginal setae on
Ti + 2 and by the shorter facial carina and antennae.

Silbomyia metallica sp. n.

DIAGNOSIS. Ti + 2 without median marginal setae ; parafrontals unusually
broad and interfrontal area only 1-4-1-7 times as wide as paraf rental at level of lower
proclinate orbital seta ; margin of lower calypter white ; dorsal surfaces of T4 and
TS under high power examination completely smooth and brilliantly metallic.

$. Head : Interfrontal area orange-yellow ; vertex and upper parts of parafrontals semi-
translucent yellowish or orange-yellow, rather shining and scarcely at all pollinose ; lower
parts of parafrontals, parafacials, genae, facial carina, antennal foveae and epistome yellow or
orange yellow, pollinosity golden on lower parafrontals, parafacials and genae but thinner and
paler yellowish on face ; postorbits densely silvery white pollinose, the pollinosity reaching to
outer vertical setae and extreme upper ends of postorbits not at all metallic. Parafrontal hair

82 R. W. CROSSKEY

all black ; hair of genae golden yellow. Upper occiput thinly whitish pollinose, but appearing
metallic green in some lights ; cerebrale orange. Vertex almost exactly equal in width to one
eye seen from above, eye-vertex-eye ratio about 13 : 12 : 13. Interfrontal area 1-4-1-7 times
as wide as a parafrontal at level of lower proclinate orbital seta, parafrontals therefore unusually
broad and interfrontal area relatively narrow. Facial carina short and ridge-like, slightly
widening ventrally, only 2-5-2-8 times as long as epistome and distinctly shorter than distance
from lunula to anterior ocellus. Gena relatively broad, nearly one-third (0-31) of eye-height.
Parafacial three times as wide as third antennal segment. Fine hairs above vibrissae confined
to lower quarter of each facial ridge, facial ridges slightly but distinctly concave in profile.
Postocellar setae weakly developed. Antennae orange, third segment 3-3-3-5 times as long as
second segment ; seta on second segment long and strong, almost as long as whole antenna
and longer than arista, latter longer than third antennal segment. Palpi yellow. Thorax :
brilliant green with slight coppery or bluish tinge, mesopleura and sternopleura with usual
large white spots of dense pollinosity ; hypopleura and pteropleura reddish brown with violaceous
reflections ; mesonotum when viewed from behind showing very thin inconspicuous traces of
whitish pollinosity around the margins, the pollinosity much less obvious than in other species
in which such pollen is present. Wings : heavily infuscate very dark brown along the veins
and paler brownish in cells and posteriorly. Distance between bend of vein M and wing margin
1-6 times as great as between m-cu and bend ; on vein M distance from r-m to m-cu 2-7-2-9
times as great as that between m-cu and bend. Costal spine small, much shorter than r-m.
Calyptrae white, including posterior and outer margins of lower calypter. Legs : black,
femora partly dark metallic bluish green. Abdomen : bright metallic green, somewhat coppery
posteriorly and on ventral surface with broad violaceous hind margins to the tergites. Dorsal
surfaces of T4 and T5 under high magnification quite smooth and polished, exceptionally
brilliantly shining. T3 with a conspicuous broad median band of white pollinosity on latero-
ventral surfaces, but with no white pollinosity visible on dorsum from any point of view ; T5
with usual pair of conspicuous spots of dense white pollinosity, mainly ventral in position but
extending on to extreme sides of the tergite. Ti + 2 without median marginal setae ; lateral
marginal setae of T3 single on each side ; T3 and T4 without median discal setae. Hair of
dorsum entirely recumbent, including that on T5. Measurements : body length 11-7 mm.
(range 10-9-12-6 mm.), wing length 10-5 mm. (range 9-8-11-2 mm.) [4 specimens].

$. Unknown. Probably very similar to $>•

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype $, INDONESIA : E. Borneo, Babidjoelan, approx.
4,000 ft., vi.i937. In British Museum (Natural History), London. Paratypes :
3 $$, data and depository as for holotype.

Distribution : At present known only from the four female specimens of the
type-series from Borneo, and probably confined to Borneo where no other species of
Silbomyia is known to occur.

AFFINITIES. S. metallica sp. n. appears to be most closely allied to 5. fulgida
(Bigot) and 5. sumba sp. n. ; it is easily distinguished from both these species by the
lack of median marginal setae on Ti +2 by the proportions of the interfrontal area
and parafrontals, by the white margin of the lower calypter, and by other minor
differences.

FIGS. 24-30. 24. Head of Paraplatytropesa gen. n. in profile showing prominent gular
development. 25. Abdominal shape in Amenia. 26. Abdominal shape in Stilbomyella.
27. Abdomen of Formosiomima nigromaculata (Malloch) showing arrangement on T.4 of
separated pairs of marginal setae, remarkable pattern of black spots and weakness of
sutures between tergites. 28. Profile of abdomen of $ Platytropesa auriceps Macquart.
Figs. 29 and 30. Sternite 5 of $ of (29) Platytropesa simulans sp. n. and (30) Platytropesa
auriceps Macquart.

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE

T5

29

30

84 R. W. CROSSKEY

PLATYTROPESA Macquart, 1851

Platytropesa Macquart, 1851, Mem. Soc. Sci. Lille, Annee 1850 : 197, and Dipteres Exot. Suppl.

4 : 224. [Spelling Platytropeza in Dipteres Exot. Suppl. 4, Index : 357]. Type-species :

Platytropesa auriceps Macquart, 1851 [— ruriceps, by typographical error], by monotypy.
Liostiria Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dtsch. KolonMus. Bremen, 1 : 440. Type-species : Liostiria

ralumensis Enderlein, 1936 [= Stilbomyella dubia Malloch, 1935], by original designation.

syn. n.

DIAGNOSIS. Ventral surface of costa bare between apices of veins Sc and Rt.
Head normal, gular region not produced. Fore tibia with one submedian pv seta
and with two small pd setae (Text-fig, n). Mid femur with two or more strong
submedian a setae. Hind coxa setulose on postero-dorsal surface. Facial ridges
with fine setulae extending more than half way (<£) or about half way ($) up their
length. Facial carina very strongly sexually dimorphic. Frons about equal in
width in both sexes, <$ eyes not approximated ; <§ with outer vertical, prevertical and
sometimes proclinate orbital setae. Inner vertical setae cruciate. Abdomen with-
out white pollinose spots on T5. Sternites of <$ abdomen with very long dense hair
(Text-fig. 28), sternites of $ abdomen with spinous setae.

DISCUSSION. Platytropesa is to some extent intermediate between Silbomyia
Macquart and Stilbomyella Malloch, but the general facies and the long dense hair
on the sternites of the <$ suggest closer affinity with the latter genus ; the bare
ventral surface of the costa between the apices of Sc and /?x easily distinguishes
Platytropesa from Silbomyia, but it agrees with this genus in the broad <$ frons with
outer vertical and prevertical setae and in having small pd setae on the fore tibia.
The latter character distinguishes Platytropesa from Stilbomyella and Paraplaty-
tropesa gen. n., both of which lack pd setae on the fore tibia ; the normal gular
region of the head distinguishes it from Paraplatytropesa.

There is confusion in the literature concerning the name and type-locality of the
type-species of Platytropesa. Macquart (1851) spelled the name ruriceps in the
original description and cited the type-locality as " Oceanic, Triton Bay ". Towns-
end (1931) pointed out that the type was labelled " auriceps " and therefore attributed
the original spelling " ruriceps " to a typographical error ; the spelling " ruficeps "
in Macquart's (1851) Index p. 357 to the 4th Supplement of his Dipteres Exotiques
is also a misprint. It appears certain that Macquart's name alluded to the golden
yellow head, a character mentioned in his original description (' Tete d'un jaune
dore '), and Townsend's (1931) emendation to auriceps is justified, especially as the
type is labelled " Platytropesa auriceps $, n.g., n. sp., Macq." in Macquart's writing.
There is therefore no evidence to support Paramonov's (1957, p. 62) emendation,
based on remarks of Se"guy, to rubriceps.

Triton Bay, type-locality of auriceps, lies on the southern coast of the narrow
western ' neck ' of New Guinea, an area where P. auriceps will probably prove to be
quite common when sufficient collecting has been done. Townsend (1935, 1937)
erroneously, and without any explanation, cited the type-locality of auriceps as the
Paracel Islands, and Enderlein (1936, p. 445) repeated this mistake. Platytropesa
is not known from the Paracel Islands in the China Sea or from anywhere near there,

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 85

and Macquart's original citation of Triton Bay quite certainly means the inlet still
known by that name in western New Guinea.

DISTRIBUTION (map i, p. 123). Platytropesa occurs throughout New Guinea and its
neighbouring islands, including Morotai in the Moluccas, Misool, Waigeo, Biak, the
Aru Islands, and the Bismarck Archipelago (New Britain and New Ireland) ; it
occurs also in northern Queensland, including Palm Island. It is not yet known
from Halmahera, Ceram, and Obi but almost certainly occurs in these islands of the
Molucca group.

KEY TO THE SPECIES

1 Head in facial view with inner margins of eyes slightly but distinctly angulate near

level of lunula (Text-fig. 16). Lower calypter dark brown on about apical fifth (<$}
or quarter ($). Mesolobe of $ hypopygium curved in profile and rounded at tip
(Text-fig. 39). Hair of $ sternite 5 very long and largely curved downwards and
inwards apically (Text-figs. 28 and 30). $ facial carina 5-3-6-8 times as long as
epistome. <$ with or without proclinate orbital setae ..... 2
Head in facial view with inner margins of eyes slightly but evenly curved, not at all
angulate (Text-fig. 15). Lower calypter dark brown on about apical third to
two-fifths ($) or half ($). Mesolobe of $ hypopygium rather straight in profile,
slightly truncate apically with trace of hook (Text-fig. 38). Hair of <$ sternite
5 shorter and not conspicuously turned downwards or inwards apically (Text-fig.
29). (J facial carina 4-5-4-8 times as long as epistome. <$ without proclinate
orbital setae ........ P. simulans sp. n. (p. 89)

2 Mesopleuron shining, without large white pollinose spot. <$ without or with one pair

of proclinate orbital setae. [Bismarck Archipelago] . . P. dubia (Malloch) (p. 88)
Mesopleuron not shining, mostly covered by large densely white pollinose spot. <$
always with two pairs of proclinate orbital setae [not known from Bismarck Archi-
pelago] ........ P. auriceps Macquart (p. 85)

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES

Platytropesa auriceps Macquart, 1851

(Text-figs. 16, 28, 30, 39, 42)

Platytropesa ruriceps [sic] Macquart, 1851, M&m. Soc. Sci. Lille, Annee 1850 : 197. Dipteres

Exot. Suppl. 4 : 224. Holotype £ (not $ as cited by Macquart), TRITON BAY (NEW

GUINEA). In the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. [Erroneous spelling of

auriceps by typographical error.]
Musca opulenta Walker, 1859, /. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 3 : 104. Holotype $, ARU ISLANDS.

In the British Museum (Natural History), London, syn. n.
Silbomyia decrescens Walker, 1864, /. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 7 : 215. Holotype (J, MYSOL

(= MISOOL). In the British Museum (Natural History), London, syn. n.
Platytropesa auriceps Macquart, Townsend, 1931, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 10 (8) : 376. [Justified

emendation of ruriceps Macquart.]
[Stilbomyia costalis (Walker) ; Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 55 : 102, [not of Walker]

(misidentification)] .

DIAGNOSIS. Mesopleuron with large white pollinose spot ; lower calypter dark
brown only on posterior quarter or less ; inner eye-margins in facial view slightly
angulate near level of lunula ; $ with two pairs of proclinate orbital setae.

86 R. W. CROSSKEY

o*. Head : Interf rental area dark brown or dark reddish brown ; vertex and ocellar plate
dark metallic greenish or bluish, yellow pollinose on either side of posterior part of ocellar
plate ; parafrontals, parafacials, genae and postbuccae densely pale yellow to deep golden
yellow pollinose over yellow ground colour ; antennal foveae and epistome yellow with thin
whitish pollinosity ; facial carina yellow with moderately thick shining pale yellow pollinosity
on flattened anterior surface ; postorbits thickly pale yellow to deep golden pollinose ; occiput
with dark greenish or bluish ground colour thickly covered with yellow pollinosity, metallic
coloration only slightly exposed near cerebrale. Parafrontal hair long and fine, all pale to
dark brown ; hair of entire occiput, postbuccae and genae yellowish white to golden yellow.
Inner margins of eyes in facial view slightly but distinctly angulate (fig. 16) near level of lunula ;
vertex slightly less than a quarter of total head width, eye-vertex-eye ratio about 5 13 : 5.
Ocellar and cruciate frontal setae all strongly developed ; parafrontals with two pairs of strong
proclinate orbital setae. Facial carina very long and heavy, its anterior surface broad and
flattened but tapering strongly in upper third towards lunula, sides of the carina very strongly
pinched-in towards one another so that antennal foveae are extremely deep, the carina about
twice as long as distance from lunula to anterior ocellus and 5-3-6-8 times as long as epistome;
in profile the carina gently convex and abruptly set off from the epistome, latter short and
slightly prominent. Gena about three-tenths (0-29-0-31) of eye-height. Parafacial set off at
very sharp angle from inner eye margin, about equal in width to third antennal segment ; in
facial view parafacial appearing very narrow, only about as wide as antenna in facial view.
Facial ridges in profile nearly straight, fine setulae reaching slightly over half way up each ridge.
Antennae inserted far above mid-eye level, in profile very largely hidden within very deep
foveae ; antennal colour blackish brown or very dark reddish brown, third segment extremely
elongate and 7-7-8-9 times as long as second segment; seta on second segment short, fine and
weak ; arista thickened on basal two-thirds, densely plumose and about three-quarters as long
as third antennal segment. Palpi yellowish brown. Thorax : usually brilliant emerald green,
occasionally with slight coppery tinge ; sometimes violaceous blue with violet scutellum.
Hypopleural and posterior pteropleural regions largely reddish brown with metallic greenish
or violaceous areas. Dorsum entirely shining metallic, without trace of white pollinose areas.
Mesopleuron with a very large conspicuous densely white pollinose spot, appearance of spot
shifting only slightly with direction of light ; sternopleuron with thin inconspicuous traces of
white pollen visible in some lights, without definite spot. Wings : conspicuously dark brown
infuscate anteriorly and broadly towards the base, infuscation fading posteriorly but all of the
wing with at least a very faint trace of darkening (wing not abruptly divided into a dark costal
band and clear posterior region as in Stilbomyella] . Lower calypter dark brown only on posterior
quarter or fifth, otherwise white. Legs : black, femora with brilliant metallic green or violaceous
reflections. Mid tibia with two strong ad setae. Abdomen : unicolorous with thorax, varying
from brilliant metallic green to violet ; sometimes with slight copper tinge. Margins of tergites
dorsally appearing slightly darkened to naked eye, ventrally the tergite margins very narrowly
but obviously blackish violet. No trace of white pollen spots anywhere on abdomen, but seen
from behind the dorsum of T3 shows exceedingly thin trace of pollinose covering and also trace
of a black median vitta ; median excavation of Ti + 2 usually blackish. Ti + 2 without median
marginal setae ; T3 with a pair of very long strong median marginal setae ; tergites without
discal setae. Hair of T3 and T4 of short even length, slightly thickened and erect or semi-
erect ; hair of T5 finer and erect. Venter with very long dense hair situated mainly on sternites,
but hair of ventral ends of intermediate tergites also rather fine and long ; hair of sternites 3
and 4 very long and reaching back under sternite 5 ; hair of sternite 5 extremely long and dense,
ends of longest hairs curling downwards (Text-fig. 28) in lateral view and also inwards towards
hairs of opposite lobe of the sternite (Text-fig. 30). Ends of longest hairs of sternites very fine
and crinkly. <$ hypopygium as in Text-figs. 39 and 42 ; mesolobes distinctly curved in profile
and evenly rounded at extreme tips, slightly variable in length (longer and narrower in specimens
from Palm Islands, Queensland, than in specimens seen from elsewhere) ; paralobes parallel-
sided in profile and usually rather long, evenly curved apically. Measurements : body length
10-7 mm. (range 8-6-I3-3 mm.), wing length 8-4 mm. (range 6-7-10-1 mm.) [7 specimens].

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 87

$. Mostly like <£, but head in the sexes conspicuously sexually dimorphic, face and antennae
not greatly elongate as in <$. Facial carina not strongly flattened on anterior surface and not
strongly pinched-in laterally, antennal foveae less deep than in <J ; carina 3-0-3-4 times as
long as epistome. Antennae with third segment 4-4-4-9 times as long as second segment,
arista equal in length to third segment. Fine hairs on facial ridges reaching only about half
way at most up each ridge. Parafacial much broader than in $, about 2-5 times as wide as
third antennal segment. Interfrontal area wider than a parafrontal at level of lower proclinate
orbital seta. Gena slightly wider than in $, about one-third of eye-height. Vertex broader,
about three-elevenths of total head width, eye-vertex-eye ratio about 4:3:4. Measurements :
body length n-o mm. (range 8-7-13-1 mm.), wing length 8-7 mm. (range 6-8-10-2 mm.) [8
specimens].

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Platytropesa auriceps Macquart, holotype £, NEW GUINEA :
Triton Bay (no other data). Musca opulenta Walker, holotype 9, ARU ISLANDS :
(A R. Wallace). Silbomyia decrescens Walker, holotype <£, MISOOL : (A. R. Wallace).

MOLUCCA ISLANDS : i <$, i 9. Morotai, 25-26. viii. 1945 (D. G. Hull) (U.S.
Nat. Mus.) ; i 9, Morotai, 25-26.viii.ig45 (D. G. Hull) (B.M. Nat. Hist.).
MISOOL ISLAND : i 9, Mysol (= Misool) (A. R. Wallsce) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ;
i <J, Mysoe (= Misool) (ex coll. Bigot) (B.M. Nat. Hist.). WAIGEO ISLAND : i <$,
Waigiou (= Waigeo) (ex coll. Bigot) (B.M. Nat. Hist.). INDONESIAN NEW GUINEA :
i 9, Humboldt Bay, Hollandia, sea level, ii.i936 (L. E. Cheesman) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ;
i <?, Fak-Fak (A. E. Pratt) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; 2 99, Bernhard Camp, 50 m., 3.x. &
2.xi.i938 (Neth. Ind. - American N. Guin. Expedit. J. Olthof) (Rijksmus. Leiden) ;
i 9, i c£, Bivak (= Biak) Island, lo.xi.igog & 23.1.1910 (Lorentz) (Rijksmus. Leiden).
NEW GUINEA (locality unknown) : i 9 (ex coll. Bigot] (B.M. Nat. Hist.). QUEENS-
LAND : I <?, I ?, Kuranda (F. P. Dodd) (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i & Kuranda (F. P. Dodd)
(B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <£, 2 99, Palm Islands (Bancroft) (Div. Ent. Mus. Canberra) ;
i <J, Palm Islands, ii.i93i (Mackerras) (Div. Ent. Mus. Canberra).

In addition to the foregoing : i <$, without locality data, probably A. R. Wallace
specimen (B.M. Nat. Hist.).

Distribution : From northern Moluccas (Morotai) to northern Queensland through
western New Guinea including Waigeo, Misool and Aru Islands. All specimens
seen from New Guinea mainland are from Indonesian New Guinea but P. auriceps
must almost certainly occur in Papua and probably in North-East New Guinea.
The specimens seen from Biak Island have the antennae slightly longer than usual,
and males seen from the Palm Islands off the Queensland coast have the mesolobes
of the genitalia distinctly more elongate than in males from elsewhere (including
Queensland mainland), but specimens from both these localities must be regarded
as conspecific with the type of auriceps on present evidence.

The specimens recorded above from Palm Islands are those recorded by Paramoriov
(1957) under the name Stilbomyia opulenta (Walker).

88 R. W. CROSSKEY

Platytropesa dubia (Malloch, 1935) comb. n.

Stilbomyella dubia Malloch, 1935, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 60 : 76. Holotype <$, NEW

BRITAIN. In the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Sydney.
Liostiria ralumensis Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dtsch. KolonMus. Bremen 1 : 437. Lectotype

cj, NEW BRITAIN. In the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin.

syn. n. [Correct original spelling of specific name based on locality Ralum cited in generic

key.]
Liostiria ralumsensis [sic] Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dtsch. Kolon Mus. Bremen 1 : 440.

[Erroneous original spelling of specific name by lapsus calami in species description.]

LECTOTYPE DESIGNATION : Enderlein described Liostiria ralumensis from three
<$ specimens without designating a holotype. Two of the syntypes have been seen,
one of which has been labelled by Enderlein as " type " and the other as " cotype ".
The specimen labelled as type is here designated as lectotype and has been labelled
accordingly ; the second syntype has been labelled as paralectotype. The where-
abouts of the third syntype is not known to me.

DIAGNOSIS. Mesopleuron bare and shining, without large white pollinose spot ;
$ without or with only one pair of proclinate orbital setae. Otherwise like P.
auriceps.

DISCUSSION. It is not certain that P. dubia (Malloch) is specifically distinct from
P. auriceps Macquart, but with a very limited amount of material as yet available
of Platytropesa it appears best to recognise it as a separate species for the time being.
It is identical with P. auriceps in most respects, including the $ genitalia and
characteristic appearance of the dense hair on the venter of the <$ abdomen, but the
small amount of material known differs consistently from auriceps in having a
shining mesopleuron without the large bold white spot and the $ is without any proc-
linate orbital setae or with only a single pair (always two pairs of proclinate orbitals
in auriceps}. Specimens with the bare shining mesopleuron assignable to dubia are
known only from the Bismarck Archipelago, whence Platytropesa with a meso-
pleural spot and two pairs of $ proclinate orbital setae is unknown ; thus auriceps
and dubia appear on present evidence to be allopatric.

Liostiria ralumensis Enderlein, described the year after dubia, shows no significant
differences and is here synonymised with P. dubia (Malloch). Ralum, the type-
locality of ralumensis, lies extremely close to Rabaul — the type-locality of dubia —
and the two type-series are therefore from the almost identical type-locality. The
paralobes of the hypopygium are slightly shorter in the type-material of ralumensis
than in the <$ paratype of dubia, and the lectotype of ralumensis has one pair of
proclinate orbital setae (absent in the <$ paralectotype of ralumensis and in males of
dubia type-series), but these minor differences are almost certainly of no systematic
significance and the type-material of ralumensis therefore conspecific with that of
dubia.

The type-specimens of dubia are green, the paralectotype of ralumensis has a green
thorax and bluish green abdomen, and the lectotype of ralumensis has a dark
greenish blue thorax and violet blue abdomen.

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 89

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Stilbomydla dubia Malloch, paratype <$ and paratype $,
BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO : New Britain, Rabaul (F. H. Taylor) (U.S. Nat.
Mus.). Liostiria ralumensis Enderlein, lectotype <£, BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO :
New Britain, Ralum, in forest-valley on plants [" in Waldtal auf Pflanzen "],
27. ix. 1896 (Dahl), and paralectotype <$, BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO : New
Britain, Herbertshohe, forest-ravine [" Waldschlucht vor Herbertshohe "],
22.xii.i896 (Dahl} (Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ.).

One additional $ specimen has been seen which lacks the mesopleural spot but is
rather large with most of the lower calypter dark brown (as in P. simulans sp. n.) ;
this specimen is from New Ireland and may be tentatively assigned to P. dubia.
The specimen is in the Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde, Stuttgart, and bears
Engel's (erroneous) determination label as " Stilbomyia costalis Wlk. " : in
addition it carries two other labels, one reading " Nusa " and the other " N.M. ".
These old handwritten labels must without doubt refer to Nusa in " Neu-Mecklen-
burg ", the former German name for New Ireland ; Nusa does not appear on modern
maps of New Ireland, but is shown on an old German atlas (Andrees' Handatlas,
1913) at the extreme North Cape of New Ireland near Kavieng.

The $ holotype of dubia and a second $ paratype (latter in U.S. Nat. Mus.) have
not been seen, but have identical data and are from the same series as the paratype
material recorded above.

Distribution : Only certainly known from the northern part of the Gazelle
Peninsula of north-eastern New Britain, but probably occurring more widely in
New Britain and in New Ireland, and possibly elsewhere in the Bismarck Archipelago.
The localities of the type-material of ralumensis (Ralum and Herbertshohe) do not
appear on modern maps but are shown on " Andrees' Handatlas, 1913 " on the
south coast of Blanche Bay, New Britain, at approximately i^2°iy' E., 4°i8' S.

Platytropesa simulans sp. n.

(Text-figs. 15, 29, 38, 41)

DIAGNOSIS. Mesopleuron with large white pollinose spot ; lower calypter dark
brown on posterior third or half ; inner eye margins in facial view slightly and
evenly curved ; $ without proclinate orbital setae ; mesolobes of <£ hypopygium
nearly straight in profile.

<J. Head : Interfrontal area velvety brownish black, sometimes dark reddish brown ;
vertex and ocellar plate dark metallic greenish with coppery or bluish tinge, vertex yellowish
pollinose on either side of posterior part of ocellar plate ; parafrontals, parafacials, genae
and postbuccae densely yellowish white, pale yellow or lemon yellow pollinose over yellow
ground colour ; antennal foveae and epistome yellowish or pale reddish yellow with very thin
whitish pollinosity ; facial carina pale yellow with yellow or yellowish white pollinosity on
anterior surface ; postorbits thickly pale yellow to golden yellow pollinose ; occiput with dark
ground colour obscured by thick pale yellow or pale golden pollinosity, some metallic green
colour exposed near vertex. Parafrontal hair brownish, long and very fine ; hair of entire

go R. W. CROSSKEY

occiput, postbuccae and genae pale to deep yellow. Inner margins of eyes in facial view slightly
and evenly curved (Text-fig. 15), not at all angulate near level of lunula ; vertex nearly a quarter
of total head width, eye-vertex-eye ratio about 1 1 : 7 : 1 1 (one eye viewed from above between
1-5 and 1-7 times as wide as vertex). Ocellar and cruciate frontal setae strong ; proclinate
orbital setae absent. Facial carina very large, anterior surface broad and flattened but tapering
towards lunula, sides of carina very strongly pinched-in towards one another so that antennal
foveae are very large and deep, the carina 1-8 times as long as distance from lunula to anterior
ocellus and 4-5-4-8 times as long as epistome ; in profile carina very abruptly and deeply set
off from epistome. Gena about three-tenths (0-29-0-3 1) of eye-height. Parafacial in facial
view distinctly broader than antenna in facial view, in full-breadth view also conspicuously
broader than third antennal segment. Facial ridges nearly straight or very slightly convex in
profile, fine setulae reaching slightly more than half way up each ridge. Antennae in profile
inserted well above level of eye middle and about half-hidden within antennal foveae, blackish
brown or very dark reddish brown in colour and with third segment 7-0-7-5 times as long as
second segment ; seta on second segment fine and weak ; arista thickened only on about basal
half and nearly equal in length to third antennal segment. Palpi brownish yellow. Thorax :
mesonotum brilliant metallic green without pollinosity ; mesopleura and sternopleura green ;
hypopleura and hind part of pteropleura reddish brown with traces of metallic reddish violet
colour. Mesopleuron with a large densely white pollinose spot, spot conspicuous from most
points of view and shifting little with direction of light ; sternopleuron with traces of white
pollinosity when viewed from above ; both mesopleura and sternopleura sometimes slightly
blue under the pollen. Wings : mainly almost clear hyaline or with only faint trace of darken-
ing, but becoming narrowly and gradually dark brown infuscate anteriorly towards the base.
Lower calypter dark brown on apical third or two-fifths, the dark brown colour well defined from
basal white part of calypter. Legs : black with green, coppery green or slightly violaceous
metallic reflection on femora. Mid tibia usually with three ad setae (as in holotype), occasionally
four or only two, number may be different on two mid tibiae of same fly. Abdomen : brilliant
metallic green without trace of white pollen spots ; sometimes slightly blue violet on the venter
anteriorly, posterior margins of tergites appearing slightly darkened ; T3 in some lights with
trace of blackish median vitta. Ti + 2 without median marginal setae ; T3 with a pair of very
long and strong median marginal setae ; tergites without discal setae. Hair of T3 and T4
semi-erect to erect on mid dorsum, recumbent elsewhere ; hair of T5 very fine and erect.
Venter with very long dense hair on sternites and ventral ends of intermediate tergites; hair
very long on sternites 3 and 4 and reaching back under sternite 5 ; hair on sternite 5 very dense
but rather straight, in profile not noticeably curved downwards and in ventral view not conspicu-
ously curving inwards towards hair of opposite lobe of sternite (Text-fig. 29) ; longest hairs of
sternites very fine and crinkly towards apex. J hypopygium as in Text-figs. 38 and 41 ;
mesolobes in profile almost straight, rather truncate apically with a very slightly developed
blunt hook ; paralobes usually tapering gradually from base towards apices and extreme tips
rather acuminate, paralobe in profile therefore not evenly parallel-sided with rounded apex.
Measurements : body length 12-4 mm. (range 11-4-13-1 mm.), wing length 10-2 mm. (range
9-2-10-9 mm.) [5 specimens].

$. Generally like <$ except for sexual dimorphism of head ; some specimens rather bluish
green, lower calypter dark brown on apical half or even more. Face and antennae much shorter

FIGS. 31-42. <$ hypopygium (lateral view) and mesolobes and paralobes (posterior view)
of : (31 and 34) Silbomyia fuscipennis (Fabricius). (32 and 35) Silbomyia albonotata
(Bigot). (33 and 36) Silbomyia sauteri Enderlein. (37 and 40) Stilbomyella nigrocostalis
(Doleschall). (38 and 41) Platytropesa simulans sp. n. (39 and 42) Platytropesa auriceps
Macquart.

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE

32

33

34

35

37

38

39

4O

41

42

92 R. W. CROSS KEY

than in <$, antennal foveae shallower and antennae in profile hardly at all hidden ; facial carina
not flattened on anterior surface or with sides pinched-in, its length 3-4-3-5 times as great as
that of epistome ; third antennal segment 3-9-4-8 times as long as second segment, arista
conspicuously longer than third segment. Fine setulae on facial ridges reaching only half way
or slightly less up each ridge ; parafacial much broader than in <$, nearly three times as wide as
third antennal segment. Interfrontal area about equal in width to parafrontal. Gena and
vertex equal in width to <$. Measurements : body length 12-3 mm. (range 9-8-13-7 mm.),
wing length 10-1 mm. (range 7-9-11-2 mm.) [6 specimens].

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype <$, INDONESIAN NEW GUINEA : Fak-Fak (A. E.
Pratt}. In British Museum (Natural History), London. Paratypes : 2 <$<$, 2 $$,
data as for holotype (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, INDONESIAN NEW GUINEA : Cyclops
Mts., Sabron, 930 ft., v. 1936 (L. E. Cheesman) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; I $,
INDONESIAN NEW GUINEA : Njau-Limon, S. of Mt. Bougainville, 300 ft., ii.i936
(L. E. Cheesman) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, JAPEN ISLAND (Indonesian New Guinea) :
Camp 2, Mt. Eiori, 2,000 ft., xi.i938 (L. E. Cheesman) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <$,
WAIGEO ISLAND (Indonesian New Guinea) : Waigiou, 6. i. 1910 (Mevr. de Beaufort]
(Rijksmus. Leiden) ; i $, AUSTRALIAN NEW GUINEA : Papua, Keria, vii.i962
(W. W. Brandt] (Div. Ent. Mus. Canberra) ; i $, NEW GUINEA (locality not known,
probably western New Guinea) (ex coll. Bigot] (B.M. Nat. Hist.).

Distribution : New Guinea, including islands of Waigeo and Japen. Apparently
mainly western Indonesian New Guinea to judge from limited material so far known,
but also Papua ; not yet seen from North-eastern New Guinea. Sympatric on
Waigeo and in western New Guinea with P. auriceps Macquart.

AFFINITIES. Very closely related to, and superficially extremely like, Platytropesa
auriceps Macquart but with quite distinct $ genitalia (cf. Text-figs. 38 and 41,
and Text-figs. 39 and 42). The head of the two species appears almost identical at
first glance but is constantly different in facial view in the shape of inner eye margins
(cf. Text-figs. 15 and 16), this margin being quite smooth in P. simulans sp. n. but
always slightly and distinctly angulate at the level of the lunula in P. auriceps.
The extent of brown infuscation on the lower calypter appears also to be a useful
distinguishing character, the extent of dark coloration being much greater in
simulans. The absence of proclinate orbital setae in the <$ of simulans distinguishes
this species from auriceps in material so far known, but this character may not
hold when more material becomes available. Other minor differences from
auriceps are shown in the key to species.

STILBOMYELLA Malloch, 1935

Stilbomyella Malloch, 1935, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 60 : 74. Type-species : Stilbomyella

nitens Malloch, 1935, by original designation.
Doleschallius Enderlein, 1936, Verdff. dtsch. KolonMus. Bremen 1 : 441. Type-species :

Rutila nigrocostalis Doleschall, 1858, by original designation, syn. n.

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 93

DIAGNOSIS. Ventral surface of costa bare between apices of veins Sc and R±.
Fore tibia without pd setae. Cross- vein r-m very near middle of discal cell. Body
form somewhat elongate, abdomen ovate and as long or longer than broad.
Mesonotum entirely metallic, without areas of dense white pollinosity. Setulae
above vibrissae confined to lower quarter or at most third of each facial ridge.
Facial carina not noticeably sexually dimorphic. ^ frons much narrower than in $,
eyes of $ very strongly approximated. <£ without proclinate orbital setae and
without outer vertical setae (latter present in one exceptional specimen seen).
Abdominal sternites 2-5 with very long dense hair in <$, sternites with spinous
setae in $.

DISCUSSION. The holotypes of the type-species of Stilbomyella Malloch and
Doleschallius Enderlein are certainly congeneric and possibly conspecific ; Malloch's
name has priority and Doleschallius falls in synonymy. Stilbomyella is to some extent
intermediate between Platytropesa Macquart and Amenta Robineau-Desvoidy,
containing metallic green flies superficially similar to Platytropesa but lacking pd
setae on the fore tibia and superficially very different from Amenta yet difficult to
distinguish from this genus on good structural characters common to both sexes.
The main differences between Stilbomyella and Amenia are shown in the foregoing
key to genera, and in my view are of sufficient constancy and magnitude for the
two genera to be regarded as distinct. Males of Stilbomyella differ conspicuously
from the males of all Amenia by the presence of very long dense hair on the
abdominal sternites, a character shared with the males of most Platytropesa.

At present Stilbomyella is known only from a limited amount of material : in all
I have seen 33 specimens. Five described species belong to the genus, Rutila [sic]
nigrocostalis Doleschall, Musca costalis Walker, Musca gloriosa Walker, Musca
diffusa Walker, and Stilbomyella nitens Malloch, but it is doubtful whether there is
really more than one species — although for the present I am accepting nitens (still
known only from the $ holotype from New Britain) as distinct from 5. nigrocostalis
(Doleschall), with which the Walker names are here synonymised.

The 32 specimens of Stilbomyella seen other than the holotype of nitens include
the holotypes of the other four described species ; the material is variable particularly
in the presence or absence of hair on the propleura, the presence or absence of a large
densely white pollinose spot on the mesopleuron, the colour of the genal hair, the
shape of the facial carina and its width at the ventral end relative to the distance
between the vibrissae, the length of the antennae, width of the <$ frons, density and
length of the long hair on sternites of £, and the colour of the pollinosity of the head.
When only a few specimens are examined there appears to be a segregation of the
material into two groups, that without white pollen on the mesopleuron in which
the facial carina is usually narrow and subfusiform and the head pollen pale yellowish,
and that in which there is a distinct white pollen spot on the mesopleuron combined
with a broader elongate triangular facial carina and golden head pollen ; however
when all available material is examined these apparently correlated distinctions
break down, and fail also to show any definite correlation with geography (although
there is a tendency for specimens with bare shining mesopleuron and narrow carina

94 R. W. CROSSKEY

to be commoner in the west and north of the range, and specimens with white
pollinose mesopleuron and broader carina to be commoner in the east and south).
This tendency is shown also by the propleural character, all specimens seen from
Burn having a bare propleuron and those from Papua and north-eastern New
Guinea showing a haired propleuron ; but the propleuron may be bare or haired in
specimens from Amboyna and western New Guinea, and the same specimen may
have hairs on one side but not the other. The presence or absence of hair on the
propleuron is clearly of no value as a specific character in this group. The $
genitalia do not appear to differ in specimens showing obvious differences in the
external characters.

When more material is available or when Stilbomyella can be studied in the field,
evidence may emerge to determine whether an east-west cline within a single species
exists from eastern New Guinea westwards to the Moluccas, or whether Stilbomyella
comprises a complex of species all extremely closely allied and difficult or almost
impossible to distinguish morphologically. At present there is insufficient evidence
for treating any of the observed differences in the available material as specific,
and in the absence of evidence to the contrary it appears best to regard the material
as conspecific ; S. nigrocostalis (Doleschall) is the oldest available name for the
single species thus recognised.

The two species other than 5. nitens placed in Stilbomyella by Malloch (1935)
at the time of the original description (opulenta Walker and dubia Malloch) belong
in Platytropesa Macquart.

Paramonov (1957) has placed S. nitens Malloch (type-species of Stilbomyella
Malloch) in Silbomyia Macquart, and has thereby implied that Stilbomyella is
synonymous with Silbomyia ; however nitens, and the other species placed in
Silbomyia by Paramonov, have the ventral surface of the second costal sector bare
and lack other characters of true Silbomyia. Stilbomyella is a valid genus quite
distinct from Silbomyia.

DISTRIBUTION (map p. 123). Stilbomyella is at present known from the Molucca
Islands (Bat j an, Bum and Amboyna), the Aru Islands, New Guinea including the
islands of Roon and Japen, and New Britain. It probably also occurs in Ceram and
Halmahera. I have not seen material of the genus from Australia, but it appears
possible that it might occur in northern Queensland.

KEY TO THE SPECIES

Size larger, length at least 10-5 mm. Hair of genae and postbuccae usually yellow.
Mesopleuron with or without a densely white pollinose spot. [Moluccas, Aru,
New Guinea] ...... S. nigrocostalis (Doleschall) (p. 95)

Size small, length 8-5 mm. Hair of genae and postbuccae brown. Mesopleuron
without white pollinose spot. [New Britain.] (Known only from $ holotype and
possibly conspecific with above species) . . . S. nitens Malloch (p. 97)

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 95

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES

Stilbomyella nigrocostalis (Doleschall, 1858) comb. n.
(Text-figs. 37, 40)

Rutila nigrocostalis Doleschall, 1858, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Ind., 17 : 108. Holotype <$,

AMBOYNA. In the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin.
Musca gloriosa Walker, 1859, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 3 : 104. Holotype ?, ARU

ISLANDS. In the British Museum (Natural History), London, syn. n.
Musca costalis Walker, 1860, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.} 5 : 159. Holotype $ [not $ as

stated by Walker], AMBOYNA. In the British Museum (Natural History), London, syn. n.
Musca diffusa Walker, 1861, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 5 : 290. Holotype <$, BATCHIAN

( = Batjan Island). In the British Museum (Natural History), London, syn. n.

[No diagnosis is given as it is not yet certainly established that there is more than
this one species in the genus]

J. Head : Interfrontal area brownish black ; parafrontals, parafacials, genae and entire
postorbits densely pale to golden yellow pollinose ; facial carina pale yellowish with pale
yellow or golden pollinosity ; antennal foveae, facialia and sometimes epistome blackish
brown and strongly contrasting in colour with yellow parafacials and genae, epistome yellowish
or pale brownish in some specimens. Upper occiput dark greenish black metallic ; cerebrale
mainly blackish but uppermost part with an area of yellowish or golden pollinosity extending
on to vertex ; vertex blackish brown around ocelli. Parafrontals with a few fine black hairs,
upper occipital hair black ; hair of postbuccae usually pale yellow (as in diffusa holotype)
or golden yellow (as in gloriosa holotype) but occasionally dark brown to blackish (as in
nigrocostalis and costalis holotypes), in some specimens mostly pale but with an admixture of a
few dark hairs ; hair of postbuccae variable in colour, sometimes mainly or almost entirely
pale yellowish but sometimes almost all dark brownish. Eyes very strongly approximated,
interfrontal area therefore very reduced with its upper part almost obliterated and parafrontals
of each side usually meeting or nearly meeting in mid-line for some distance in front of anterior
ocellus ; frons always narrow but exact width a little variable even in specimens from same
locality, at narrowest point 0-07-0-10 of head width, exceptionally narrow (0-04 of head width)
in one of specimens seen from Buru. Ocellar setae long and very fine, sometimes scarcely
differentiated from long hairs on ocellar triangle. Frontal setae mostly very strong and crossed,
rows extending nearly to level of anterior ocellus but last few pairs much weaker than others.
Facial carina short and usually distinctly widening ventrally, at upper end very abruptly
angled from lunula and at lower usually very suddenly set off from epistome, equal in length to or
slightly shorter than distance from lunula to anterior ocellus, 2-0-2-9 times as long as epistome;
epistome very prominent. Gena 0-26-0-29 of eye-height. Parafacial about three or three and a
half times as wide as third antennal segment. Antennae entirely blackish brown, third segment
3-3-3-7 times as long as second segment ; seta on second segment fine and short ; arista con-
spicuously longer than third antennal segment, with very long fine plumosity. Palpi blackish
brown. Thorax : brilliant metallic green, often with coppery golden tinge and sometimes
slightly bluish green, violet blue in holotype of diffusa ; in emerald or cupreous green specimens
the hypopleura and pteropleura sometimes partly violet. Very thin inconspicuous covering of
whitish pollinosity visible in some lights on whole dorsum of mesonotum and scutellum.
Mesopleuron sometimes with large densely white pollinose conspicuous spot (as in holotype of
diffusa), in other specimens (including holotypes of nigrocostalis and costalis) mesopleuron
appearing bare and shining or showing only very thinnest traces of pollen. Sternopleuron
largely covered with white pollinosity visible mainly from above. Propleuron varying from
completely bare (as in holotype of costalis) to densely haired, sometimes (as in holotypes of
nigrocostalis and diffusa) bare anteriorly but haired posteriorly in some specimens with a very

96 R. W. CROSSKEY

few hairs only ; same specimen sometimes with propleuron totally bare on one side but with one
or two hairs on other side. Wings : whole fore margin of wing blackish brown infuscate and
posterior part clear hyaline, infuscation covering basal cells and extending back to vein M
based on r-m and to vein Rt +5 apicad of r-m ; usually in addition slight brown staining along
part of vein M between r-m and m-cu ; wings of diffusa holotype all hyaline, but probably
teneral specimen. Costal margin apicad of vein Sc very slightly bowed forwards. Bend of
vein M widely obtuse and near wing margin, distance from bend to margin o-8-i-i times that
between m-cu and bend ; on M distance from r-m to m-cu 2 '1-3-1 times as great as that between
m-cu and bend. Lower calypter all dark brown except white base hidden by upper calypter
in wings-folded position, upper calypter mainly opaque white but with variable brownish tinge
on inner (wings-folded position) third. Legs : black, femora with green to violet metallic
reflections ; metallic colouring confined to basal half or two-thirds of middle and hind femora.
Mid tibia with one or two, more rarely three, ad setae, number sometimes different on two mid
tibiae of same specimen (two on one side, three on other in diffusa holotype) ; a single strong
isolated ad seta on each mid tibia of nigrocostalis holotype, one strong and one weak seta on each
side in costalis holotype. Abdomen : metallic green with slight coppery or sometimes bluish
tinge (violet-blue in diffusa holotype) . Without white spots, but from behind showing dorsally
an extremely thin white pruinosity over most of surface ; T3 with slight trace of a narrow
blackish median vitta, not always evident. Ti + 2 without median marginal setae ; T3 with
one pair of very strong erect median marginal setae. Tergites without discal setae, with very
short fine recumbent hair. Sternites very broad and exposed ; bearing extremely long dense
hair, especially long and curved and backwardly directed on second and third sternites, hair on
lateral lobes of fifth sternite generally similar to that of Platytropesa simulans (Text-fig. 29), very
long and curving slightly inwards rather than backwards. $ hypopygium as in Text-figs. 37 and
40. Measurements : body length 13-0 mm. (range 11-4-14-4 mm.), wing length 12-0 mm. (range
10-6-13-1 mm.) [9 specimens].

$. Very like <$ except for normal secondary sexual differences of strong outer vertical,
prevertical and two pairs of very strong proclinate, orbital setae, and sternites with strong
spinous setae instead of long hair ; frons broader than in $, vertex measured from above almost
exactly one-fifth of head width. Interfrontal area varying from very slightly narrower than,
to slightly broader than, one parafrontal at level of lower proclinate orbital seta. Gena slightly
wider than in Q*. 0-29-0-32 of eye-height. Measurements : body length 12-8 mm. (range
8-7-14.9 mm.), wing length 11-7 mm. (range 8-8-13-3 mm.) [6 specimens].

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Rutila nigrocostalis Doleschall, holotype <$, AMBOYNA
(no other data). Musca gloriosa Walker, holotype $, ARU ISLANDS : (A. R. Wallace).
Musca costalis Walker, presumed holotype $, presumed locality AMBOYNA : (A. R.
Wallace). Musca diffusa Walker, holotype <j, BATCHIAN (= BATJAN ISLAND) :
(A. R. Wallace).

MOLUCCA ISLANDS : i <£, i £, Batchian (= Batjan Island) (ex coll. Bigot] (B.M.
Nat. Hist.) ; i <$, Buru (A. R. Wallace) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i £, Buru, Station i,
1921 (L. J. Toxopeus) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, i $, Buru, Station i, 1921 (L. J.
Toxopeus) (Rijksmus. Leiden & Zool. Mus. Amsterdam) ; 2 $<$, Buru, Station 7,
1921 (L. J. Toxopeus} (Rijksmus. Leiden & Zool. Mus. Amsterdam) ; i <$, Buru,
Station 13, 29.viii.i92i (L. J. Toxopeus} (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, Buru, Station 13,
2.ix.i92i (L. J. Toxopeus} (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i $, Buru, Station 13, 24.x. 1921
(L. J. Toxopeus} (Rijksmus. Leiden) ; ARU ISLANDS : i $, Aru Islands, 1916
(W. W. F. [roggatt]) (Div. Ent. Mus. Canberra). INDONESIAN NEW GUINEA :
i (J, i <j>, Roon Island, Geelvink Bay (Staatl. Mus. Stuttgart) ; i #, Fak-Fak, Onin

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 97

Peninsula (A. E. Pratt] (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; 2 <&£, Humboldt Bay District, Bewani
Mts., ix.1937 (W. Stueber) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, Japen Island, Seroei, Camp i
Mt. Baduri, Aiam Range, 1,000 ft., viii-ix.i938 (L. E. Cheesman) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ;
i <£, Japen Island, Camp 2 Mt. Eiori, 2,000 ft., xi.i938 (L. E. Cheesman) (B.M. Nat.
Hist.) ; i (£, New Guinea (Macke) (Rijksmus. Leiden) ; 3 <£<£, Bernhard Camp,
50 m., 20.ix.-io.x.i938 (/. Olthof) (Rijksmus. Leiden) ; i $, Hollandia, vii.1938
(L. J. Toxopeus) (Rijksmus. Leiden). AUSTRALIAN NEW GUINEA : i <£, Papua,
Kokoda, 1,200 ft., iv.i933 (L. E. Cheesman) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; 2 $$, Western
Highlands, Uinba, Minj River Valley, 6,200 ft., n and 17^1.1963 (R. Pullen)
(Div. Ent. Mus. Canberra).

The specimen here accepted as the holotype of Musca costalis Walker bears a
label reading " costalis " in Walker's writing but no locality or collector's name, and
agrees well with the original description except that it is <$ and not $ as Walker
(i86ob) recorded. There is no other specimen in the British Museum (Natural
History) or in the Oxford University Museum which could be the type of costalis,
and since it is evident from the label in Walker's writing that he saw the specimen
named costalis by him it is considered justified to hold this specimen as the type ;
that it is not the same sex as mentioned by Walker in the original description is not
considered important, as it is known from studies of Walker's types that he frequently
misidentified the sex or recorded it erroneously. The specimen here recognised as
holotype of costalis is presumed to be from Amboyna and to have been collected
by A. R. Wallace, as this is the information given with the original description.

Distribution : From the Molucca Islands (Bat j an, Amboyna, and Buru) eastwards
through Indonesian New Guinea to Papua, and also in the Aru Islands.
Stilbomyella nitens Malloch is very probably not specifically distinctfrom nigrocostalis,
and if this proves true the known range of nigrocostalis will extend further east to
include New Britain. When a large amount of material becomes available for study
it may prove possible to recognise a number of distinct geographically isolated
subspecies within New Guinea and neighbouring islands. S. nigrocostalis may
possibly occur in the Cape York peninsula of Queensland as Aru Islands species tend
to occur there, but this is not yet proved.

Stilbomyella nitens Malloch, 1935

Stilbomyella nitens Malloch, 1935, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 60 : 75. Holotype $, NEW
BRITAIN. In the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Sydney.

[No diagnosis is given as it is not certain that 5. nitens is specifically distinct from
S. nigrocostalis (Doleschall)]

DISCUSSION. 5. nitens is known only from the $ holotype which differs from
S. nigrocostalis only in minor details of size and hair colouring ; at present it is
impossible to be certain whether nitens is specifically distinct from nigrocostalis,

98 R. W. CROSSKEY

but it appears best to consider it so until more material becomes available. Future
study may show that S. nigrocostalis ought to be treated as a compound of several
good geographically distinct subspecies, and it may then be appropriate to consider
nitens as a subspecies of nigrocostalis occurring in New Britain.

S. nitens is almost identical with 5. nigrocostalis and has been adequately described by Malloch
(1935), and a full description is here unnecessary ; the few following notes on the type are
however appropriate. Holotype much smaller than is usual in nigrocostalis, length 8-5 mm. ; all
hair of genae and postbuccae dark brown, black hair of lower occiput extending round entire
mouth opening, head therefore entirely without pale (yellow or brownish yellow) hair ; fine
hair above vibrissae extending only one third of way up each facial ridge (not to about middle
as stated by Malloch in original description) ; mesopleura shining, without densely white
pollinose spot, only with extremely thin traces of a whitish covering in some lights ; general
colour more strongly coppery green than Malloch's description " emerald green " suggests.
Holotype specimen in imperfect condition, badly greased and with some chaetotaxy missing,
head gummed to thorax.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype $, NEW BRITAIN : Keravat (F. H. Taylor}.
Distribution : Only holotype known.

PARAPLATYTROPESA gen. n.

(Text-figs. 13, 24)

Genus of Ameniini with following combination of characters : ventral surface of costa bare
between apices of veins Sc and Rt. Both sexes with gular region of head strongly produced
backwards (Text-fig. 24). Facial carina and epistome forming one continuous median keel
with vibrissae of <$ inserted level with or even slightly below epistomal margin (Text-fig. 13),
vibrissae directed slightly upwards. Fore tibia with one submedian pv seta, without pd setae.
Mid femur with only one strong isolated submedian a seta. Hind coxa bare on postero-dorsal
surface. Facial ridges with fine setulae extending more than half way (<$) or about half way (?)
up their length. Facial carina only slightly sexually dimorphic. Frons broad in both sexes,
o* eyes not at all approximated, $ with proclinate orbital, prevertical and outer vertical setae.
Inner vertical setae not crossing, parallel or at most slightly convergent. Abdomen without
white pollinose areas on T$. Sternites 2 and 3 of $ abdomen with a few very long hairs, sternites
of $ with spinous setae.

Type-species : Stilbomyia rieki Paramonov, 1957.

DISCUSSION. Paraplatytropesa gen. n. is erected for the reception of the single
species rieki Paramonov, originally described in Silbomyia Macquart but lacking
the true characters of this genus ; in rieki the ventral surface of the costa is bare
between the apices of veins Sc and Rlt there are no strong erect preapical spinous
setae on the scutellum, the hind coxa is bare on the postero-dorsal surface, and there
is only one pv seta on the fore tibia, so the species cannot be regarded as congeneric
with S. fuscipennis, type-species of Silbomyia.

The affinities of Paraplatytropesa gen. n. are most closely with Platytropesa and
Stilbomyella which it resembles in the metallic green colour without white pollinose
areas on the abdomen, but it differs from these — and other Ameniine genera — in the
remarkable development of the gular region of the head. The parallel non-cruciate

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 99

inner vertical setae also distinguish the new genus from both Platytropesa and
Stilbomyella, but it resembles the former in having a broad $ frons with fully
developed outer vertical, prevertical and proclinate orbital setae and resembles the
latter in lacking pd setae on the fore tibia. The general facies of the $ head with very
elongate antennae lying in very deep foveae and with setulae up much of the length
of the rather straight facial ridges is another character much resembling Platytropesa,
but the bare hind coxa is a noteworthy distinction from this genus (the latter
character does not fully distinguish Paraplatytropesa from Stilbomyella since the
hind coxa is occasionally bare in Stilbomyella}. A remarkable feature of Paraplaty-
tropesa is the presence of only one isolated seta near the middle of the anterior face
of the mid femur ; in other Ameniinae there appear always to be two or more setae
in this position. The lower calyptrae also vary slightly from other Ameniines in
that (in the $) the outer posterior margin is regularly and evenly curved, whereas
in other Ameniines the outer posterior margin of the lower calypter is very slightly
angulate so that the calypter is subtriangular in general shape.

Distribution : Queensland only.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES
Paraplatytropesa rieki (Paramonov, 1957) comb. n.

Stilbomyia rieki Paramonov, 1957, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 12 (10) : 54. Holotype <J,
AUSTRALIA. In the Division of Entomology Museum, C.S.I.R.O., Canberra.

DIAGNOSIS as for genus, Paraplatytropesa monotypic.

cJ. Head : Interfrontal area pale red brown to very dark brown ; ocellar plate and mid part
of vertex metallic dark green with coppery or blue tinge ; parafrontals and parafacials with
blackish ground colour and dense silvery white pollinosity, extreme upper ends of parafrontals
nearly bare and rather shining with greenish reflections ; genae with yellow ground colour and
golden yellow pollinosity ; postbuccae and gular region dark metallic blackish green with
hardly any trace of pollinosity ; antennal foveae black with thin whitish pollinosity ; facial
carina and epistome yellow with rather shining and conspicuous creamy white pollinosity ;
postorbits thickly silvery white pollinose ; occiput very dark greenish, rather shining with very
inconspicuous traces of whitish pollen cover. Hair of parafrontals, genae, postbuccae and most
of occiput and gular region black ; some hair of lower occiput and upper part of gular region
paler brownish. Vertex almost exactly equal in width to one eye, eye-vertex-eye ratio i : i : i.
Ocellar setae very strong, cruciate frontal setae all strongly developed ; two pairs of strong
proclinate orbital setae. Facial carina very long and not distinctly set off from epistome, the
two together forming a single uniform keel about 2-7 times as long as distance from lunula to
anterior ocellus, sides of carina nearly parallel. Gena about 0-23 of eye-height. Facial ridges
in profile very slightly convex, fine setulae reaching nearly two-thirds of way up each ridge.
Antennae inserted very high up (not far below upper margin of eye) and very elongate, mainly
hidden in profile in the deep foveae. Antennae black, third segment about 7-25 times as long
as second segment ; seta on second segment fine and short ; arista about three-fifths as long
as third antennal segment. Palpi yellowish. Thorax : bright green with coppery or bluish
tinge on mesonotum ; pteropleural and hypopleural regions with bluish or violet metallic
reflections, mesopleura sometimes bluish under white pollen spots. Mesonotum with dense
white pollinosity on notopleura and in areas of supra-alar setae, prescutum with a covering of

ioo R. W. CROSSKEY

white pollen visible in some lights. Mesopleuron and sternopleuron with large white pollinose
area, pollen appearing as conspicuous white spots in some lights but disappearing from other
points of view. Wings : entirely clear hyaline. Calyptrae opaque white. Legs : black,
femora with green or violet metallic reflections. Mid tibia with one strong isolated ad seta
at about three-fifths from base. Abdomen : mainly brilliant green, slightly violaceous antero-
ventrally ; posterior segments burnished reddish copper in holotype specimen. Abdomen
entirely shining, no trace of white pollinose spots. Ti + 2 without median marginal setae in
holotype, but with a weak but distinct pair of median marginals in $ paratype specimen (probably
normally without) ; T3 with a pair of strong median marginal setae ; tergites without discal
setae. Hair of all tergites recumbent. Sternites very broad. Sternite 3 with very long
backwardly-directed hair which reaches about to level of apex of sternite 5 ; sternite 4 with long
fine hair, but much shorter than that on sternite 3 ; lateral lobes of sternite 5 with moderately
long fine hair, but this hair sparse and inconspicuous. Measurements : body length 6-0, 7-0 mm.,
wing length 4-9, 5-6 mm. [2 specimens].

$. Very like <$ except for detail of head. Facial carina and epistome forming less parallel-
sided median keel than in <$, carina widening below and epistome very distinctly wider than
carina. Antennal foveae less developed, antennae shorter, third antennal segment 4- 1-4-3
times as long as second segment ; arista equal in length to third antennal segment. Facial
ridges with fine setulae extending only half-way up their length. Parafacial and interf rental
area slightly wider than in <$. Gena about 0-26 of eye-height. Vertex slightly wider than in Q*,
eye-vertex-eye ratio about 7 : 8 17. Postero-lateral corner of lower calypter more angulate
(calypter generally less evenly rounded) than in <$. Measurements : body length 5-9, 6-0 mm.,
wing length 4-7, 4-9 mm. [2 specimens].

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype <$, QUEENSLAND : 30 mis. W. of Collinsville,
I2.ix.i95o (E. F. Riek). Paratypes : QUEENSLAND : i $ (labelled allotype),
30 mis. W. of Collinsville, i7.ix.iQ5o (E. F. Riek) (Div. Ent. Mus. Canberra) ; i $,
10 mis. S. of Bowen, 28.ix.ig5o (E. F. Riek) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <J, Palm Is.,
20. xii. 1930-6.1.1931 (I. M. Mackerras) (Div. Ent. Mus. Canberra) ; i $, Springsure,
ex trap, xi.i93O (I. M. Mackerras) (Div. Ent. Mus. Canberra).

Distribution : Known only from the type-material listed above from east-central
Queensland. The known range appears to conform closely with the Queensland
part of the range of Platytropesa auriceps, both species occurring for instance in the
Palm Islands.

A MENIA Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

Amenta Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, Mdm.pres. Acad. Sci., Paris, 2 : 443. Type-species : Musca

leonina Fabricius, 1775, by subsequent designation of Macquart, i843a : 273, i843b : 116.
Ptylostylum Macquart, 1851, Mem. Soc. Sci. Lille 1850 : 195, and Dipteres Exot. Suppl. 4 : 222.

Type-species : Ptylostylum albomaculatum Macquart, 1851 [— Musca leonina Fabricius,

1775], by monotypy.
Neoamenia Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55 : 103. Type-species : Neoamenia

longicornis Malloch, 1930, by original designation, syn. n.
Chaetamenia Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dtsch. KolonMus. Bremen 1 : 442. Type-species : Dexia

chrysame Walker, 1849, by original designation, syn. n.
'Grapholostylum Macquart, 1851, of Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dtsch. KolonMus. Bremen 1 : 441,

not of Macquart (misidentification)]

DIAGNOSIS. Ventral surface of costa bare between apices of veins Sc and Rv
Fore tibia with one pv seta and without distinct pd setae. Cross-vein r-m distinctly

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 101

before middle of discal cell. Body form short and broad ; abdomen broader than
long with normal well formed sutures dorsally between tergites. Mesonotum with
three pairs of large marginal white spots. Setulae above vibrissae confined to
lower quarter of each facial ridge. Facial carina not noticeably sexually dimorphic.
$ frons always narrower than $ frons, eyes of $ usually strongly approximated.
$ without proclinate orbital and prevertical setae, almost always without distinct
outer vertical setae. Abdominal sternites of both sexes with strong setae, <$ always
without long dense hair.

DISCUSSION. Amenta contains a small number of unusually beautiful flies which
form a characteristic element in the calyptrate fauna of Australia. Eleven described
species and one described subspecies are assignable to the genus, but only five
species and two subspecies are accepted as valid in the present treatment. One
species described in Amenia (nigromaculata Malloch) belongs in the closely related
genus Formosiomima Enderlein. The study of the genus has been much bedevilled
by misidentifications and erroneous synonymies established in the literature, and
the following detailed discussion, based upon examination of all the types, is given
to clear up a very confused situation.

The main cause of confusion has been the application of different names to the two
commonest species of Amenia, one of which is the type-species. These two species
are easily distinguished : one has a pair of submedian white lines anteriorly on the
mesonotum, typically has a dark bronzy green thorax and dark steel-blue abdomen,
and has the eyes of the male strongly approximated ; the other species is without
submedian white lines on the dorsum of the thorax, is typically bright golden green,
and has the eyes of the male well separated. The name Amenia imperialis
Robineau-Desvoidy correctly applies to the latter species, and Amenia leonina
(Fabricius) to the former. Robineau-Desvoidy (1830) included both these species
in Amenia at the time of its original description, and gave a very good brief descrip-
tion of A. imperialis and a statement of the characters by which leonina could be
distinguished from imperialis. A. imperialis he described in part as follows :
" corselet d'un beau vert-dore metallique, avec trois points argentes de chaque
cote" du dos ; abdomen d'un beau vert-dore metallique ", thus clearly indicating a
golden-green colour and making no mention of submedian white lines on the thorax ;
Amenia leonina, he remarked, " differe de 1' A. imperialis par ses teintes azurees . . .
par la presence de deux lignes argentees vers le sommet de 1'ecusson ". Robineau-
Desvoidy was certainly distinguishing between the two commonest species.

Fabricius (1775, 1794, 1805) cited " Mus. Banks " as the depository of his Musca
leonina Fabricius, and the holotype specimen is still in the Sir Joseph Banks collection
(the specimen in the Fabricius collection is not the holotype as erroneously stated by
Townsend, 1931, 1937) ; I have examined the holotype and this has confirmed that
the thorax is dark brassy green and the abdomen dark blue, and that there are two
conspicuous white submedian lines on the mesonotum in addition to the lateral
spots, all characters mentioned by Fabricius in the original description and
emphasised by Wiedemann (1830) in his more detailed re-description.

102 R. W. CROSSKEY

Both Wiedemann (1830) and Robineau-Desvoidy (1830) correctly understood
leonina of Fabricius and rightly applied the name to the species possessing white
submedian lines on the thorax, but despite this Macquart (i843a and b) shortly
afterwards gives an account of Amenta and A. leonina which does not conform fully
to the true characters of leonina Fabricius. In discussing the characters of Amenia,
Macquart states " Yeux assez se'pares $. " and in his plate, said to be a figure from
leonina, shows the mesonotum without evident submedian white lines ; in true
leonina the $ eyes are approximated and the white lines are present and part of
Macquart's description therefore appears to relate not to leonina but to imperialis.
Macquart (op. cit.) cited Musca leonina of Fabricius and of Wiedemann as type of the
genus Amenia, the earliest type-fixation for the genus, but Enderlein (1936) cited
A. imperialis R.-D. as type-species (presumably, although no reasons are given, on
the assumption that leonina of Macquart is not leonina of Fabricius but imperialis
R.-D. through misidentification) . However Macquart repeats Wiedemann's (1830)
brief Latin description of leonina Fabricius and clearly intended that the true
Musca leonina Fabricius should be type of Amenia. Townsend (1931, p. 374 ;
1937, p. 136) has cited Musca leonina Fabricius as type-species of Amenia Robineau-
Desvoidy by designation of Macquart, and this is in my view fully justified on
nomenclatural grounds ; there is no justification for holding A. imperialis R.-D.
to be the type-species.

The names A. leonina (Fabricius) and A. imperialis Robineau-Desvoidy, which
hitherto had been rightly applied to two quite distinct species, were synonymised
by Walker (1849) without explanation or justification, and this was the main cause
of confusion in the usage of these names, for the erroneous synonymy established
by Walker was accepted by Schiner (1868), Osten Sacken (1881), and Engel (1925).
A . leonina of Schiner, Osten-Sacken and Engel is a misidentification of A . imperialis
Robineau-Desvoidy, to which attention was first drawn by Malloch (1927) ; to the
true A. leonina (Fabricius) Schiner applied an unpublished manuscript name,
stictica. The latter name first appeared as a nomen nudum in Brauer and
Bergenstamm (1891 : 418) but a full description was later published by Engel
(1925) and the name stictica must therefore be attributed to this author ; it sinks in
synonymy with A. leonina (Fabricius) as Malloch (1933 : 75) implied.

Schiner (1868) synonymised Ptylostylum albomaculatum Macquart with his
misindentified leonina Fabricius (i.e. imperialis R.-D.), but examination of the
syntypes of Ptylostylum albomaculatum in the Paris Museum shows that they are
conspecific with the type of leonina Fabricius, and the name albomaculatum falls
in synonymy with true leonina ; I am however recognising albomaculatum as a
subspecies of leonina.

Hardy (1938) remarked upon the confusion existing in the application of specific
names to the species of Amenia, but himself added considerably to the confusion by
misidentifying Amenia parva Schiner through reliance upon the original description
only. Hitherto this species had been correctly understood by Engel (1925) and
Malloch (1927, 1928, 1929), both of whom had seen Schiner's types. Malloch
(1930), finding that Dexia chrysame Walker is an Amenia identical with A. parva

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 103

Schiner, correctly placed the latter name in synonymy with chrysame ; this
synonymy has been confirmed by my own comparison of the types, and Hardy
(1938) is wrong in stating that Malloch made a mistake in establishing this synonymy.
Hardy (op. cit.}, through not accepting the statements of earlier workers who had
seen the types and as a result of not seeing the types himself, erroneously applied
Schiner's name parva to Amenia leonina (Fabricius). Thus A. leonina (Fabricius)
has been variously known in the literature as leonina, stictica or parva, and at the
same time the name leonina has often been misapplied to A. imperialis Robineau-
Desvoidy ; in reality the two common species A . leonina and A . imperialis are quite
distinct and were excellently characterised as long ago as 1830 by Robineau-
Desvoidy, and it is difficult to see why confusion should ever have arisen.

Grapholostylum dorsomaculatum Macquart of Enderlein (1936) is not true
dorsomaculatum of Macquart (which does not belong in the Ameniinae) but a
misidentification of Amenia sexpunctata Malloch, a name overlooked by Enderlein.

Malloch (1930) described the genus Neoamenia for a species in which the facial
carina is slightly sulcate but otherwise resembling Amenia ; Paramonov (1957)
has pointed out that the groove in the facial carina is variable and sometimes absent,
and that Neoamenia cannot be accepted as a good genus distinct from Amenia.
I agree fully with Paramonov and regard the type-species of Neoamenia and Amenia
as congeneric ; Paramonov (1957) implied the synonymy but did not definitely
establish it, and Neoamenia is here sunk in definite synonymy with Amenia,
The genus Chaetamenia Enderlein, erected for chrysame Walker, shows no significant
differences from Amenia, and is here sunk in synonymy. Ptylostylum Macquart is
synonymous with Amenia Robineau-Desvoidy through conspecificity of the
type-species.

Distribution : The genus Amenia is confined to Australia, where it occurs in all
states except Tasmania. In Queensland it occurs in the small islands near the coast
(Prince of Wales Island in the Torres Straits, Magnetic Island and the Palm Islands)
and in the Northern Territory is known from Groote Eylandt in the Gulf of Carpen-
taria. The genus is best represented in Queensland and New South Wales, and
appears to be uncommon in Victoria and South Australia to judge from the small
amount of material yet available from these states.

Macquart (1851) described Ptylostylum albomaculatum (— Amenia leonina (Fab-
ricius)) from Tasmania, but there is no doubt that this type-locality is erroneous and
that the type-material (consisting of six syntypes labelled ' Tasmania ' and ' M.
Verreaux ' in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris) of P. albomaculatum
must have been collected on the Australian mainland and probably at or near
Sydney. It is well established from Hardy's (1929) investigations (Hardy, loc.
cit. p. 63) that "... although Macquart published the descriptions of about one
hundred and forty species of Diptera in his fourth supplement [to Dipteres Exotiques]
as being from Tasmania, the majority, if not all, were from Sydney ". P. albo-
maculatum is one of the species collected by the Verreaux brothers and described in
the fourth supplement, and this, combined with the absence of A menia from Tasmania,
makes it certain that the published type-locality is wrong.

io4 R. W. CROSSKEY

Amenia (as well as all other Ameniini) is absent from New Zealand, but there are
erroneous records in the literature of its occurrence here. These records originate
with Schiner (1868), who recorded A. leonina from New Zealand, a record repeated
by Hutton (1873, 1881) in his catalogues of New Zealand Diptera ; the latter author
also, without evidence, recorded A. parva Schiner from New Zealand in these two
earlier catalogues but in his later catalogue (Hutton, 1900, p. 95) deleted both names.
Brauer & Bergenstamm (1891, p. 418) recorded A. stictica from New Zealand in error.

KEY TO THE SPECIES

1 Scutellum with three pairs of marginal setae ....... 2

Scutellum with four to six pairs of marginal setae ...... 3

2 Postorbits pale yellow or orange-yellow. Hair of genae and postbuccae golden

yellow. 6* frons extremely narrow with upper part of interfrontal area almost
obliterated and parafrontals more or less meeting in mid line, frontal setae of
upper half of frons very reduced and hair-like. General colour dark blue-green
to bluish violet. Larger species, length 10-14 mm- • A., leonina (Fabricius) (p. 112)

Postorbits silvery white. Hair of genae and postbuccae brownish black. $ inter-
frontal area narrow but distinct to the ocelli, frontal setae of upper half of frons
well developed. General colour emerald or cupreous green. Smaller species,
length 6-11-7 mm. ...... A. chrysame (Walker) (p. 120)

3 Upper occiput thickly yellow pollinose over yellow or yellowish orange ground colour.

Hair of entire occiput and postbuccae golden yellow. Bend of vein M near wing
margin, distance from bend to margin not more than 1-3 times as great as that
between m-cu and bend. Abdominal T4 without lateral white spots. Larger
species, length usually 11-16 mm. ......... 4

- Upper occiput non-pollinose, black and semi-shining. Hair of occiput and postbuccae
dark brown or black. Bend of vein M unusually remote from wing margin,
distance from bend to margin at least 2-4 times as great as that between m-cu
and bend (Text-fig. 19). Abdominal T4 with a pair of small white pollinose lateral
spots. Small species, length about 9-10 mm. . . A. longicornis (Malloch) (p. 116)

4 General colour bright green, sometimes coppery green or slightly bluish green.

Scutellum with four pairs of marginal setae (rarely a supernumerary fifth seta
present on one side). Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 without submedian spots.
Bend of vein M obtuse and at least as remote from wing margin as from m-cu.
Eyes of <J widely separated, $ frons at least one-sixth of head width. Apical half
of costal margin of Q* wing conspicuously bowed forwards (Text-fig. 21)

A. imperialis Robineau-Desvoidy (p. 107)

General colour dark purplish black. Scutellum with five or six pairs of marginal
setae (occasionally even with a smaller supernumerary seventh seta on one side).
Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 each with a pair of dorsal submedian silvery spots with
shifting appearance. Bend of vein M rectangular and much closer to wing margin
than to m-cu. Eyes of <J very strongly approximated so that frons at narrowest
is only slightly wider than anterior ocellus and only about one-twentieth of total
head width. Costal margin of $ wing not bowed forwards on apical half

A. sexpunctata Malloch (p. 105)

105

Amenta sexpunctata Malloch, 1933

Amenia sexpunctata Malloch, 1933, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 58 : 76. Holotype £. AUST-
RALIA. In the Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Berlin.

[Amenia stictica Engel, 1925, Zool. Jb., 50 : 353 (part), misidentified paralectotypes] .

[Grapholostylum dorsomaculatum Macquart of Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dtsch. KolonMus. Bremen
1 : 441, not of Macquart (misidentification)].

DIAGNOSIS. Scutellum with five or six pairs of marginal setae ; large purplish
black species with six shifting silvery submedian spots on mid-dorsum of abdomen.

cj. Head : Interfrontal area yellow-orange ; parafrontals, parafacials, face, genae and
postbuccae with orange-yellow ground colour and golden yellow or golden orange pollinosity ;
postorbits yellow with dense golden pollinosity ; occiput with yellow ground colour and a
moderately thick covering of pale or deep yellow pollinosity. Parafrontal hair all pale yellow ;
all hair of genae, postbuccae and occiput golden yellow. Eyes approaching one another very
closely and frons therefore very reduced with upper parts of parafrontals meeting in mid line
and upper part of interfrontal area correspondingly obliterated ; at narrowest point frons
width only about one-twentieth (0-044-0-054) of total head width and only slightly wider than
anterior ocellus. Ocelli raised on well formed ocellar tubercle which occupies most of the
reduced vertex, ocelli visible in profile, ocellar setae very weak and hair-like. Upper ends of
postorbits very narrowly tapering but just reaching vertex as a very narrow pollinose strip
separating postocular setae from eye. Only lowest one or two pairs of cruciate frontal setae
well developed, other pairs progressively reduced so that uppermost pairs are minute and hair-
like, the rows of frontal setae stopping altogether well before anterior ocellus. Facial carina

short and broad but not strongly flattened on anterior surface, antennal foveae well formed, the
carina much shorter than distance from lunula to anterior ocellus and about two or two and a
half times as long as epistome. Eye relatively longer than in other species and gena corres-
pondingly narrower, gena slightly more than a quarter (0-27) of eye-height. Parafacial about
two and a half times as wide as third antennal segment and much narrower than length of this
segment. Antennae pale orange, falling short of mouth-margin by about their own length ;
third segment 2-9-3-1 times as long as second segment ; seta on second segment fine and shorter
than third segment ; arista slightly longer than third segment. Palpi yellow. Thorax : dark
blackish purple or violet-black, scutellum sometimes with a more violaceous blue tinge but
always very dark ; posterior pleural regions partly dark brownish. Margins of mesonotum with
the usual three pairs of conspicuous white pollinose spots, the anterior pair almost confined to
notopleural area and not noticeably extending on to humeral calli, the latter thinly and ob-
scurely yellowish brown pollinose. In addition to the three pairs of white spots mesonotum
shows distinct pattern on prescutum as follows : a pair of conspicuous lateral white pollinose
vittae lying laterad of prst dc setae, these vittae broadest anteriorly and narrowing and fading
out posteriorly before suture ; broad median area of prescutum between dc rows of setae almost
entirely grey when seen from behind, except for postero-median triangular area which is purplish
black, the median grey area becoming conspicuously white pollinose at each antero-lateral
corner and when viewed from behind showing an overlying pair of narrow pale brown submedian
lines (each brown line lying medially between the dc and acr rows of each side.). Scutum when
viewed from behind showing a rather even covering of pale golden brown pollinosity, similar
pollinosity visible on scutellum in some lights ; this pollinosity not visible to naked eye.
Appearance of prescutal pattern shifting according to the angle of view. Each mesopleuron
and sternopleuron with a small white pollinose spot. Scutellum with five or six pairs of marginal
setae, sometimes irregular with five one side and six the other or rarely a supernumerary seventh
seta present on one side (total number of marginal scutellar setae therefore from 10 to 13).
Wings : basal cells obscurely brownish, wings otherwise clear hyaline. Bend of vein M sharp

io6 R. W. CROSSKEY

and rectangular, unusually close to wing margin, distance from bend to margin only 0-5-0-6 of
that between m-cu and bend ; on vein M distance from r-m to m-cu 3-0-3-4 times as great as
that between m-cu and bend. Calyptrae dark smoky brown except for opaque white outer
quarter (in resting position of wings) of upper calypter. Legs : dark brownish black with
femora inconspicuously violet metallic. Mid tibia usually with two ad setae, occasionally three.
Abdomen : blackish purple and concolorous with mesonotum. T3, T4 and T5 dorsally each
with a pair of silvery pollinose spots, those on T3 and T4 larger and close together in a submedian
position, those on T5 smaller and more widely spaced in a sublateral position ; the total of six
silvery dorsal spots conspicuous to naked eye but their appearance changing greatly with direction
of the light, from some points of view the spots appearing to vanish altogether. T3 and T.5 in
addition to the dorsal spots each with a pair of small lateral (T3) or ventro-lateral (T5) white
pollinose spots which are conspicuous to naked eye and more fixed in appearance than the
silvery spots of the dorsum ; the two well separated spots on each side of T5 appear to be the
equivalent of the upper and lower ends of the normally continuous large lateral white area found
in other species. T3 with a pair of very strong median marginal setae, one or both of these
setae usually flanked on outer side by a second much smaller, weaker and less erect marginal
seta ; sometimes the supernumerary setae outside the normal pair are strongly developed so
that there are four strong median marginal setae altogether. Measurements : body length
14-3 mm. (range 12-9-15-2 mm.), wing length 13-2 mm. (range 12-6-13-8 mm.) [10 specimens].

$. Closely similar to <$ except for very broad frons and broader parafacials and genae.
Interfrontal area dark reddish orange and strongly contrasting with paler golden or golden
orange pollinose parafrontals, usually almost parallel-sided but sometimes contracted medially,
at level of lower proclinate orbital setae slightly narrower than one parafrontal (the parafrontals
relatively broad) ; usually two proclinate orbital setae on each side, sometimes a smaller third
proclinate orbital seta developed on one or both sides. Hair of parafrontals mainly dark,
upper part of each parafrontal and vertex immediately behind ocelli with some short stiff black
setulae. Vertex very broad, viewed from above almost exactly equal in width to, or a little
wider than, one eye. Postorbits broad all along their length, not narrowed to the vertex. Gena
about two-fifths (0-39-0-43) of eye-height. Parafacial nearly five times as wide as third antennal
segment. Dorsal submedian silver spots of T3 and T4 sometimes very small, on T3 occasionally
evanescent.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype <£, AUSTRALIA : Northern Territory, Palmerston,
x.igoS. Paratype : i $, data as for holotype (D. Ent. Inst.).

AUSTRALIA : 2 $$, Northern Territory, Palmerston, x.igoS (Zool. Mus. Humb.
Univ. & Staatl. Mus. Stuttgart) ; I <$, Northern Territory, Darwin (G. F. Hill)
(B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, Northern Territory, Darwin, 22.ix.igi3 (G. F. H[ill}} (B.M.
Nat. Hist.) ; i <J, Northern Territory, Port Darwin (F. P. Dodd) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ;
11 $<$> 5 ??» Northern Territory, Port Darwin, x.igoS & i, iii-iv.igog (B.M. Nat.
Hist.) ; i (£, i <j>, Northern Territory, Port Darwin, x.igoS & iii-iv.igog (D. Ent.
Inst.).

Specimens of A. sexpunctata with the same data as the type-material (viz.
" Palmerston, N. Australia, October 1908 ") have been mentioned in the literature
by Engel (1925) under the name A. stictica Schiner in litt. and by Enderlein (1936)
under the name Grapholostylum dorsomaculatum Macquart. Enderlein (1936, p. 441)
pointed out that Engel's material of stictica was mixed, some being A. leonina
(Fabricius) and some (i.e. specimens from Palmerston) being another species which
Enderlein identified wrongly as Grapholostylum dorsomaculatum Macquart. All the
material mentioned by Engel under the name stictica forms part of the type-series

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 107

of stictica Engel (name attributable to Engel as his is the first valid publication of it)
and the misidentified specimens from Palmerston which Engel erroneously associated
with rest of his stictica material are syntypes ; the lectotype designated for stictica
in this paper sinks this name into synonymy with leonina, but since a lectotype is
designated the other syntypes of stictica become paralectotypes. Thus the specimens
from Palmerston mentioned by Engel, although belonging to A. sexpunctata, are
paralectotypes of stictica ; two of them, a $ in Staatl. Mus. Stuttgart and a £ in
Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ. each labelled " Amenia stictica Schin. Engel det.", have
been labelled as paralectotypes. It is probable that the $ mentioned by Engel is
the same specimen as the $ paratype of A. sexpunctata in D. Ent. Inst, but this is
not certain and the specimen is not definitely a paralectotype of stictica. The <$
specimen in Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ. labelled by Engel also bears a label in Ender-
lein's writing " Grapholostylum dorsomaculatum (Mcq 50) $ Dr. Enderlein det.
1936 " and is certainly one of the specimens from Palmerston mentioned by Ender-
lein (1936, p. 442) . Enderlein's identification is wrong, and he completely overlooked
Malloch's (1933) earlier description of A . sexpunctata for this Palmerston material.

Male paratypes, not seen, are in the Australian Museum, Sydney and U.S. National
Museum (one in each Museum) with the same data as the holo+ype.

Distribution : Apparently confined to the Northern Territory of Australia,
including Groote Eylandt in the Gulf of Carpentaria (Paramonov, 1957). The
single <$ with enlarged eye facets recorded by Paramonov (1957) from Claudie River,
northern Queensland, has not been seen but may not be true sexpunctata. The
iocality " Western Australia " in Paramonov's (op.cit.} key to Amenia species is an
inadvertant error.

Amenia imperialis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

Amenia imperialis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, Mem. pres. Acad. Sci., Paris, 2 : 443. Neotype Q",

AUSTRALIA. In the British Museum (Natural History), London.
Amenia dubitalis Malloch, 1927, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 52 : 343. Holotype (J, AUSTRALIA.

In the United States National Museum, Washington.
Grapholostylum latifrons Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dtsch. KolonMus. Bremen 1 : 442. Lectotype

<J, AUSTRALIA. In the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin.
Amenia imperialis ab chaetameniina Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dtsch. KolonMus. Bremen 1 : 443.

(Name without nomenclatorial status.)
[Amenia leonina (Fabricius) ; Schiner, 1868, Reise Novara, Zool. 2, Dipt. : 316, [not of Fab-

ricius] (misidentification)].

[Amenia leonina (Fabricius) ; Engel, 1925, Zool. Jb., 50 : 350, 352, [not of Fabricius] (mis-
identification)].

DIAGNOSIS. Scutellum with four pairs of marginal setae ; general colour green ;
upper occiput densely pollinose ; prescutum without white submedian vittae ; <$
eyes unusually widely separated ; $ wing with apical half of costal margin strongly
bowed forwards.

DESCRIPTION. See under subspecies below.

io8 R. W. CROSSKEY

DISCUSSION. A. imperialis, like A. leonina, appears to be represented by two
morphologically distinguishable but partly overlapping populations, one mainly
centred in northern Queensland in which the frons of the <$ is extremely broad, and
the other mainly centred in New South Wales in which the <$ frons is conspicuously
narrower ; the frontal character and other characters enable almost all specimens of
both sexes to be separated without much difficulty, and since there appears to be
associated geographical separation two subspecies of A . imperialis are here recognised.
Malloch's name dubitalis is available for the subspecies with the narrower frons, and
a neotype is designated below to affix the name imperialis sensu stricto to the typical
subspecies with broad frons. The ^ type-material of Grapholostylum latifrons
Enderlein possesses a narrower frons, and this name falls in synonymy with dubitalis
Malloch. In A. imperialis, unlike A. leonina, no importance can be attached to the
median marginal setae on T3 ; these setae differ between the sexes (present in <£,
absent in $) and the number present in the <$ is variable — usually the $ shows a
single pair, but there are occasionally more or even only one. Among 52 male
specimens examined 44 have the normal single pair of median marginal setae on T3
three specimens have four setae (i.e. two pairs close together), three specimens have
three setae (i.e. one of the normal pair duplicated on one side), one specimen has five
setae (two on one side, three on the other), and the remaining specimen has only a
single median marginal seta on one side. Variations in the number of setae occur
in the males of both subspecies. Enderlein (1936) evidently did not realise that
presence or absence of median marginal setae on T3 in A . imperialis is a secondary
sexual character, and he described specimens with such setae as A. imperialis ab
chaetameniina Enderlein ; this name is without status in nomenclature.

The two subspecies may be distinguished by the following key.

KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF A . imperialis

i Both sexes without pollinosity on genae and parafacials, these areas dull like the
frons whatever the direction of the light. <J frons very broad, at vertex 0-23-0-30
of head width, one eye viewed from above 1-2-1 -7 times as wide as vertex. $ vertex
seen from above 1-15-1-30 times as wide as one eye. $ ocellar setae well developed,
directed straight outwards towards the eyes. Hair of lower parts of paraf rentals
almost always pale yellow . A. imperialis imperialis Robineau-Desvoidy (p. 109)

Both sexes with slightly shining yellow pollinosity on genae and parafacials, that on
latter areas best seen when head viewed from above ; in <$ pollinosity extends half
way up parafacial and then stops abruptly, distinction between slightly shining
pollinose lower area and dull non-pollinose upper area obvious in some lights ; in $
pollinosity reaching up parafacials to lower ends of parafrontals. $ frons con-
spicuously narrower, at vertex 0-16-0-20 of head width, one eye viewed from above
2-0-2-7 times as wide as vertex. $ vertex narrower, almost exactly equal in width
to one eye seen from above. <J ocellar setae usually weaker and sometimes absent,
when present directed partly forwards as well as outwards. Pale hair of lower parts
of parafrontals usually with an admixture of darker brownish or black hairs, para-
frontal hair sometimes entirely dark . A. imperialis dubitalis Malloch (p. in)

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 109

Amenia imperialis imperialis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

(Text-fig. 21)

Amenia imperialis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, Mim. pris. Acad. Sci., Paris, 2 : 443.

NEOTYPE DESIGNATION : Robineau-Desvoidy (1830), in the original description
of Amenia imperialis, recorded that this species was in the collection of Count Dejean
(" Cette espece, originaire de la Nouvelle-Hollande, fait partie de la collection du
compte Dejean ") ; it was never, so far as is known, represented in Robineau-
Desvoidy's own collection, and is not in the remnants of that collection now in the
Paris Museum. The Diptera from Dej can's collection are lost, and there is therefore
no type-material of A . imperialis now known to exist ; it is desirable, since imperialis
has been confused in the past and since it is here treated as comprising more than
one subspecies, to designate a neotype to fix the meaning of the name, and I am
here designating a specimen in the British Museum (Natural History) as neotype.
It is not known from which part of Australia the original material came, but im-
perialis is commonest in Queensland and the specimen chosen for neotype is therefore
from this state ; its characters agree as closely as possible with those mentioned in
the original description, particularly the " beau vert-dore " colour. The neotype
specimen has been labelled " Amenia imperialis Robineau-Desvoidy $ neotype
designated by R. W. Crosskey, 1964 ".

DIAGNOSIS. Diagnostic characters are those given in foregoing key to subspecies.

cj. Head : Interfrontal area deep yellow ; parafrontals, parafacials and genae yellow without
evident yellow pollinosity and appearing dull like the frons in any light (as both interfrontal
area and parafrontals are dull and non-pollinose the only demarcation between them is provided
by the frontal setae) ; facial carina, antennal foveae and epistome yellow with thin slightly
shining pale yellow pollinosity ; postorbits and entire occiput densely pale yellow or golden
pollinose over a yellow ground colour ; postbuccae yellow with thin yellowish pollinosity which
is much less conspicuous than that on occiput and disappears altogether towards the genae.
Parafrontals with a very few black hairs near vertex but otherwise with extremely short sparse
pale yellow hair, lower parts of parafrontals rarely with one or two dark hairs intermixed with
pale ones ; all hair of genae, postbuccae and entire occiput pale or golden yellow, that on genae
exceptionally short. Eyes widely separated, frons and vertex broader than in other species,
the frons swollen and prominent so that in profile it is well visible above the eyes, the para-
frontals steeply set off from inner eye margins ; frons at narrowest point near vertex from
0-23-0-30 of head width (0-25 in neotype specimen), one eye viewed from above 1-2-1-7 times
as wide as vertex (1-5 times in neotype). Vertex with small blackish brown spot around ocelli,
conspicuous to naked eye ; ocellar setae moderately strong and directed straight outwards
towards the eyes. Frontal setae short, fine and weak, uppermost pairs hair-like, the setae not
nearly meeting in mid line as the two rows are widely separated by the broad interfrontal area
(latter about three times as wide as upper part of a parafrontal) . Facial carina short and very
broad, flattened on outer surface but sometimes very slightly sulcate, much shorter than dis-
tance from lunula to anterior ocellus and about 1-75-2-25 times as long as epistome ; antennal
bases widely separated, antennal foveae rather shallow. Gena exceptionally broad, about half
(0-48-0-53) of eye-height. Parafacials very broad, five or six times as wide as third antennal
segment or about equal in width to the length of third antennal segment. Antennae yellowish
orange, falling short of mouth-margin by slightly less than their own length ; third segment
3'5~3'9 times as long as second segment (3-7 times in neotype) ; seta on second segment well
developed but much shorter than third segment, arista equal in length to third segment. Palpi

no R. W. CROSSKEY

yellow. Thorax : mesonotum bright green, often with a coppery golden or coppery reddish
tinge (as in neotype), sometimes bluish green ; scutellum usually unicolorous with mesonotum,
occasionally a little more bluish. Margins of mesonotum with the usual three pairs of con-
spicuous white pollinose spots in notopleural, supra-alar and postalar positions, but without
submedian white pollinose vittae on prescutum ; prescutum seen from behind with thin traces
of evenly distributed whitish pollinosity, sometimes in certain lights showing a pair of very fine
longitudinal coppery lines which reach back nearly to transverse suture. Sides of thorax dark
greenish, sometimes partly violet on sternopleura and mesopleura, hypopleura and pteropleura
reddish violaceous ; mesopleura and sternopleura with large white pollen spots, appearance of
those on mesopleura shifting with light. Hair of propleura almost always black, rarely brownish
yellow. Scutellum with four pairs of marginal setae. Wings : brown at base, otherwise clear
hyaline. Costal margin apicad of end of Sc conspicuously bowed forwards (Text-fig. 21) and vein
R2+3 with corresponding strong forward curvature. Bend of vein M obtuse, distance from bend
to wing margin i -0-1-3 times as great as that between bend and m-cu ; on vein M distance
from r-m- to m-cu 3-1-4-2 times as great as that between m-cu and bend. Lower calypter
all dark brown except for basal part which is hidden when wings are folded back, upper calypter
usually all white but sometimes partly tinged pale brown. Legs : dark black- brown, slightly
dark greenish or violet metallic on femora. Mid tibia almost always with three ad setae of
which basal one is very small, rarely with only two or with four ad setae. Abdomen : brilliant
golden green, sometimes bluish green or cupreous ; venter violet on at least first two tergites
and sternites. Each side of T3 ventro-laterally with a large brilliantly white pollinose area,
appearance of the white spots changing greatly with angle of the light but most conspicuous in
lateral view, thin traces of whitish pollinosity extending round dorsally from the ventro-lateral
spots to form a very thin pollinose covering on whole dorsum of tergite which is visible only from
behind. T4 non-pollinose, without spots. 1$ with a pair of very large brilliant white pollinose
areas situated mainly ventrally but extending round each side of tergite well on to dorsum,
appearance of the white areas changing very strikingly with the direction of light (cf. leonina
in which white spots on 1$ are fixed in appearance). T3 with median marginal setae, almost
always a single pair, but occasionally three, four or even five such setae, very rarely only one
of the pair developed ; in single exceptional specimen seen median marginal setae absent from
T3. T5 without or with only a very few hairs situated on the pollinose areas. Measurements :
body length 13-0 mm. (range 9-1-16-2 mm.), wing length n-6 mm. (range 8-2-14-5 mm.) [35
specimens]. Dimensions of neotype : body length 12-9 mm., wing length 11-9 mm.

$. Generally very like $ but costal margin not noticeably bowed forwards and abdominal
T3 without median marginal setae. Frons broader than in <$ and slightly exceeding one eye in
width seen from above, eye- vertex-eye ratio about 9:11 : 9 ; one eye from above from 1-15-
1-30 times as wide as vertex. Proclinate orbital setae variable in size and number, usually
three or four on each side but sometimes five or only two, number often different on the two
parafrontals of same specimen. Size range similar to that of $.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Neotype <$, AUSTRALIA : N. Queensland, Cairns District
(R. C L. Perkins). In British Museum (Natural History), London.

AUSTRALIA : 7 <$<$, 2 $$, Queensland, Stradbroke, 20.ix.igi5 (/. C. Bridwell] (U.S.
Nat. Mus.) ; i <$, Queensland, Gordonvale, xi.i922 (E. Jarvis) (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i $,
Queensland, Cairns, 1917 (/. F. Illingworth) (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i ?, Queensland,
1892 (v. Mueller] (Staatl. Mus. Stuttgart) ; i <$, Queensland (Staatl. Mus. Stuttgart) ;
i <$, Queensland, Cairns (F. H. Taylor) (Staatl. Mus. Stuttgart) ; i $, Queensland,
Herberton, 3,200 ft., xii.igio (Dodd) (Staatl. Mus. Stuttgart) ; i $, i $, Queensland,
Herberton, i.ign (F. P. Dodd) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i ?, Queensland, Herberton
(F. P. Dodd) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <$, Queensland, Prince of Wales Is., Torres Strait,
(M. J. Nicoll) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <J, Queensland, Thursday Is., 14.1.1939

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE in

(B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <J, Queensland, Cape York (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, Queensland,
Rockhampton (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, Queensland, Stannary Hills, c. 3,000 ft.
(T. L. Bancroft) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, 2 ??, Queensland, Townsville (F. P. Dodd)
(B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; 2 ??, Queensland, Townsville, i. & 27.11.1903 (F. P. Dodd) (B.M.
Nat. Hist.) ; i $, Queensland, 1.1903 (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <£, i $, Queensland,
vii.igog (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, 2 $$, Queensland, Kuranda (Dodd) (B.M. Nat.
Hist.) ; i <?, Queensland (F. P. Dodd) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; 2 &?, i ?, Queensland,
Redlynch, ii.ix.i938 (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <$, Milson Is. (? Queensland), i8.xii.igi4
(B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i & New South Wales, Eccleston, 26.^.1921 (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ;
i (£, New South Wales, Como, io.xi.i923 (Nicholson) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; 3 <&£, New
South Wales, Sydney (Bridwett) (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i $, New South Wales, Chester
Hill, 6.xi.ig27 (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i <£, New South Wales, Katoomba, Blue Mts.,
3,400 ft., 1912 (Dodd) (Staatl. Mus. Stuttgart) ; i <j>, New South Wales, Sydney,
Auburn, 12^.1927 (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <J, i $, New South Wales, Toronto, Filmer
(Health Dept.) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <?, New South Wales, Cumberland (B.M. Nat.
Hist.) ; 4 <$$, New South Wales, Gooranbong, 26. ii. 1950 (B. McMillan) (B.M. Nat.
Hist.) ; i 3, New South Wales, Mt. Kuring-Gai, 27.ix.ig5o (B. McMillan) (B.M.
Nat. Hist.) ; i <$, i ?, labelled Kopp. Biberach. 1917 (Staatl. Mus. Stuttgart) ; 8 &J,
Australia (no other data) (Oxford Mus.) ; i <$, Australia (no other data, ex coll.
Bigot) (B.M. Nat. Hist.).

Distribution : A. imperialis imperialis occurs commonly in Queensland and New
South Wales, in the latter state overlapping with A . imperialis dubitalis ; in Queens-
land it occurs on the groups of small islands — Prince of Wales Islands, Thursday
Island, Palm Islands, Magnetic Island — as well as on the mainland. Paramonov
(1957) records imperialis sensu stricto from one locality in Northern Territory of
Australia. Paramonov's (loc. cit.) records from New South Wales suggest that
imperialis typical form and dubitalis occur so commonly near together that the two
forms ought not perhaps to be regarded as subspecies ; however until field work can
resolve better the status of the two forms it appears best to regard them for the time
being as subspecies.

Amenia imperialis dubitalis Malloch, 1927 stat. n.

Amenia dubitalis Malloch, 1927, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 52 : 343.

Grapholostylum latifrons Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dtsch. KolonMus. Bremen 1 : 442. syn. n.

LECTOTYPE DESIGNATION : no holotype of Grapholostylum latifrons was designated
by Enderlein and the species was based on four specimens (in Zool. Mus. Humb.
Univ.) ; three of these syntypes (all $) have been seen, and one has been labelled
and is here designated as lectotype. Syntypes seen other than the lectotype have
been labelled as paralectotypes ; one of these has been erroneously labelled by
Enderlein as $.

DIAGNOSIS. Diagnostic characters as given in foregoing key to subspecies.

Very similar to the typical subspecies, but differs in the following characters : <$ frons
conspicuously narrower, at the vertex only o- 16-0-20 of total head width (0-16 in dubitalis
holotype, 0-17 in latifrons lectotype), viewed from above one eye from 2-0-2- 7 times as wide as

H2 R. W. CROSSKEY

vertex (2-7 in dubitalis holotype, 2-5 in latifrons lectotype) ; $ frons also narrower than in
typical subspecies, at vertex almost exactly equal in width to one eye when measured from
above. Ocellar setae of <J often absent, when present usually very weak and directed partly
forwards as well as outwards. Hair of parafrontals sometimes all dark brownish or black, if
largely pale yellow then almost always with an admixture of dark hairs. Genae and parafacials
of both sexes with fine yellow slightly shining pollinosity, these areas therefore not completely
dull, pollinosity on parafacials best seen when head is viewed largely from above, pollinosity on
parafacial in £ extending about half way up and then stopping abruptly so that upper half is
quite dull and non-pollinose, in $ all of parafacials pollinose up to lower ends of parafrontals ;
on <J parafacial possible to see definite line at which pollinosity stops if head is viewed from a
certain angle, in other lights pollinosity of lower half not very noticeable. Size range much as
in typical subspecies, body length 12-8 mm. (range 8-7-15-3 mm.), wing length 11-2 mm. (range
8-0-13-0 mm.) [15 specimens of both sexes].

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Grapholostylum latifrons Enderlein, lectotype <$, AUST-
RALIA (Darnel] , <$ paralectotype with same data as lectotype, and $ paralectotype
labelled Kraatz and presumed locality Australia (all in Zool. Mus. Humb. Univ.).

AUSTRALIA : 3 &?, New South Wales, Sydney (ex coll. Bigot] (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ;
2 <J<J, New South Wales, Sydney (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <£, New South Wales, Shoal-
haven River, Tallong, i.xii.ig5i (B. McMillan) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <J, New South
Wales, Grose R., i.iv.igso (B. McMillan) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i J, New South Wales,
Toronto, Filmer (Health Dept.} (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, New South Wales, Jenolan
Caves, 2,000 ft. (/. C. Wiburd) (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i <$, Queensland, Brisbane,
2.xii.i9i3 (H. Hacker) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; 2 &?, Queensland, Mackay (G. Turner)
(B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <$, Queensland, Tambourine (?), Davidson, io.xii.igi6 (W.
W. Froggatt) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, Queensland, Burnett River District (T. L.
Bancroft] (B.M. Nat. Hist.).

The holotype of A . dubitalis has not been seen, but has been examined for me by
Mr. Curtis Sabrosky. The holotype data are : New South Wales, Sydney, National
Park, i.xi.igo2 (W. W. Froggatt). The $ specimen listed above from Jenolan Caves
is exceptionally small and possesses a pair of median marginal setae on T3 (such
setae are absent in all other females of imperialis seen), but it appears justified for
the present to assign it to dubitalis.

Distribution : Known only from New South Wales and the southern half of
Queensland, being replaced in northern Queensland by the typical subspecies ;
however, there is considerable overlap of the ranges of the subspecies in New South
Wales. A. imperialis dubitalis is evidently much more common in New South
Wales than in southern Queensland ; of thirty specimens of dubitalis recorded by
Paramonov (ig57) only five are from Queensland.

Armenia leonina (Fabricius, 1775)

Musca leonina Fabricius, 1775, Sy sterna Ent. : 776. Holotype $, AUSTRALIA (' NEW

HOLLAND '). In the Sir Joseph Banks collection, British Museum (Natural History),

London.
Ptylostylum albomaculatum Macquart, 1851, Mem. Soc. Sci. Lille, 1850 : 195. Dipteres Exot.

Suppl. 4 : 222. Lectotype <$, AUSTRALIA (' TASMANIA ' in error). In Museum

National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 113

Amenia stictica Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1891, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 58 : 418 (nomen
nudum : publication without description of manuscript name of Schiner) .

Amenia stictica Engel, 1925, Zoo/. Jb., 50 : 353. Lectotype <J, AUSTRALIA. In the Natur-
historisches Museum, Vienna. (First valid publication of Schiner's manuscript name.)

[Amenia parva Schiner ; Hardy, 1938, Proc. roy. Soc. Qd 49 : 58, [not of Schiner] (misidentifi-
cation)].

DIAGNOSIS. Scutellum with three pairs of marginal setae ; genal hair and
postorbits yellow ; prescutum with a pair of broad white pollinose submedian lines.

DESCRIPTION. See under the subspecies below.

DISCUSSION. Paramonov (1957) recognised the subspecies A. leonina leonina
(Fabricius) and A. leonina enderleini Paramonov. It is impossible to be certain of
the significance of the differences between the two forms but from examination of a
good series there appears to be sufficient constancy of structural difference and a
sufficient degree of allopatry to justify the recognition of two subspecies, at least for
the present ; I am following Paramonov in treating leonina as two subspecies, but
am applying Macquart's old name albomaculatum to the subspecies in which median
marginal setae on T3 are present, since these setae exist on some specimens of
Macquart's original type-series of Ptylostylum albomaculatum (a lectotype is here
designated to fix the usage of the name albomaculatum). The lectotype here desig-
nated for A. stictica Engel is without median marginal setae on T3 and this name
therefore goes into synonymy with A. leonina sensu stricto.

A summary of the differences between the two subspecies is given in the following
key.

KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF A . leonina

I Both sexes with a pair of median marginal setae on T3- <$ head very broad, 1-15-1 -24
times as wide as thorax at the humeral calli. Upper parts of postorbits of o*
obliterated so that eyes abut directly against upper occiput. £ frons extremely
reduced, at narrowest point only between 0-023 and 0-036 of head-width. Head
of ? golden orange pollinose . . A. leonina albomaculata (Macquart) (p. 115)

- Both sexes without median marginal setae on T3. <$ head not conspicuously broad,
1-05-1-14 times as wide as thorax at the humeral calli. Upper parts of postorbits
very narrowly tapering and evident as a yellow pollinose band more or less reaching
vertical seta in $, eyes therefore not abutting directly against upper occiput. <$
frons broader, eyes less strongly approximated, at narrowest point frons between
0-035 and 0-055 °f head-width. Head of $ pale to golden yellow pollinose

A. leonina leonina (Fabricius) (p. 113)

Amenia leonina leonina (Fabricius, 1775)

Musca leonina Fabricius, 1775, Sy sterna Ent. : 776.
Amenia stictica Engel, 1925, Zool. Jb., 50 : 353.

DIAGNOSIS. Diagnostic characters as given in above key.

6*. Head : Interfrontal area yellow-orange ; parafrontals, parafacials, face, genae, post-
buccae and lower occiput with orange-yellow ground colour and golden yellow pollinosity ;
postorbits densely golden pollinose ; upper occiput blackish brown, slightly shining in some
lights and without evident pollinosity. Parafrontal hair short and black ; hair of genae,

ii4 R- w- CROSSKEY

postbuccae and lower occiput golden yellow ; hair of dark uppermost parts of occiput black.
Eyes very strongly approximated and frons therefore reduced, upper part of interfrontal area
almost eliminated by coming together of parafrontals in mid line ; frons at narrowest point
0-035-0-055 of head width, head only slightly (1-05-1-14 times) wider than thorax at humeral
calli. Ocelli slightly raised, ocellar setae weak. Upper end of each postorbit very narrowly
tapering but just about reaching inner vertical seta as a distinct yellow pollinose band which
clearly separates the upper occiput from the eye. Lowest pairs of cruciate frontal setae well
developed, but the setae becoming progressively weaker dorsally and uppermost pairs extremely
weak and hair-like, the row of setae stopping altogether well below anterior ocellus. Facial
carina short and broad, antennal bases well separated and antennal foveae shallow ; the carina
much shorter than distance from lunula to anterior ocellus and only about 1-75 times as long as
epistome, latter elongate and poorly differentiated from ventral end of facial carina. Gena
very broad, about two-fifths (0-37-0-43) of eye-height. Parafacial about four times as wide as
third antennal segment, width therefore about as great as length of this segment. Antennae
orange, very small and falling short of mouth-margin by more than their own length ; third
segment 2-4-2-7 times as long as second segment ; seta on second segment usually a little
shorter than third segment ; arista much longer than third segment. Palpi yellow. Thorax :
mesonotum dark green with a slight bronze or bluish tinge, occasionally violet-blue ; scutellum
dark blue-green, blue or violet, almost always more distinctly blue than the mesontoum ; sides
of thorax bluish green or violaceous on mesopleura and sternopleura, otherwise dark brownish.
Mesonotum with usual three pairs of large boldly marked white pollinose spots, anteriormost
pair covering both humeral calli and notopleura ; prescutum with a submedian pair of broad
white pollinose longitudinal bands which extend back to and end abruptly at transverse suture,
these white bands lying between acr and dc rows of setae and their appearance shifting very
much with the direction of the light (the white bands disappearing altogether from some points
of view and being replaced by a pair of fine longitudinal cupreous lines in positions mid-way
between acr and dc rows of setae) ; prescutum, in addition to broad submedian bands, with a
pair of small indefinite white pollinose areas lying on the transverse suture just laterad of the
prst ia seta (or in this position if this seta, as sometimes happens, is absent), these white areas
visible only from behind. Each mesopleuron and sternopleuron with a large rounded and
boldly marked white spot, appearance of these spots not shifting with direction of light.
Scutellum with three pairs of marginal setae. Wings : brown on the basal cells, otherwise clear
hyaline. Bend of vein M nearly rectangular, distance from bend to wing margin only 1-1-1-4
times as great as that between bend and m-cu ; on vein M distance from r-m to m-cu 3-5-4-1
times as great as that between m-cu and bend. Calyptrae dark brown except for half of upper
calypter opaque white. Legs : black with dark greenish to violaceous metallic reflections on
femora. Mid tibia almost always with two ad setae, rarely a third very small ad seta present
basad of the usual two. Abdomen : dark blue-green, blue or violet dorsally, usually largely
violaceous ventrally. T3 with a pair of very small white pollinose spots on extreme sides of
tergite, their appearance slightly shifting with direction of light, and usually with a pair of
rather indefinite silvery pollinose submedian spots (the latter very inconspicuous to naked eye
in most specimens). T4 without pollinose spots. T5 with a pair of very large boldly marked
creamy white spots dorso-laterally, these spots extending round each side of the tergite and
fixed in appearance, not fading or disappearing when seen from different angles. T3 without
median marginal setae. T5 without hair on the areas of the creamy-white spots or medially
between the spots. Measurements : body length 12-5 mm. (range 10-3-14-0 mm.), wing length
10-8 mm. (range 9-0-12-0 mm.) [20 specimens].

$. Very like c? except for broad frons. Interfrontal area broad and slightly widening
dorsally, 1-8-2-25 times as wide as parafrontal at level of lowest proclinate orbital seta ; usually
two proclinate orbital setae present on each side, but occasionally with a third or fourth smaller
proclinate orbital in addition. Vertex slightly variable in width, usually about two-sevenths
of head width, eye-vertex-eye ratio varying from 11:10:111014:10:14. Mid tibia almost
always with three ad setae. Measurements much as in <$.

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 115

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Musca leonina Fabricius, holotype <$, AUSTRALIA (no
other data). Amenia stictica Engel, lectotype 3> AUSTRALIA : Queensland, Cape
York, 1868 (Thorey) and paralectotype $, AUSTRALIA : Queensland (Nat. Mus.
Vienna) .

AUSTRALIA : 6 33, 3 $$, Queensland, Kuranda (F. P. Dodd) (B.M. Nat. Hist) ;
2 33, Queensland, Kuranda (F. P. Dodd) (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; 633,2 ?? Queensland,
xii. 1913-1.1914 (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; 2 33, Queensland (Staatl. Mus. Stuttgart) ; i ?,
Queensland, Herberton, 3,700 ft., ii.ign (Dodd) (Staatl. Mus. Stuttgart) ; i $,
Queensland, Herberton, i.ign (F. P. Dodd) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i 3> Queensland,
Palm Island (F. H. Taylor) (Staatl. Mus. Stuttgart) ; i 3> Queensland, Cardstone,
nr. Tully Falls, 9.1.1962 (E. B. Brittori) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i 3, i $, Queensland,
Townsville (F. P. Dodd) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, Queensland, Druidson, io.ii.i9i6
(W. W. Froggatt) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i 3 labelled, ' Australia ' and Ptylostylum
albomaculatum, ex coll. Bigot (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; 8 $$, Northern Territory, Port
Darwin, x.igoS and 1.1909 (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; 4 $$, New South Wales, Sydney,
Auburn, 12^.1927 (B.M. Nat. Hist.).

In addition 2 33 an(i x ? without data have been seen in Oxford Mus.

Distribution : A. leonina leonina is the more northerly subspecies and occurs
predominantly in northern Queensland to the north of Bowen and in the Northern
Territory. It is less common in southern Queensland (southwards from Bowen)
where it is largely replaced by A. leonina albomaculata. Some specimens of the
nominate subspecies have been seen from New South Wales and Paramonov (1957)
has also recorded the typical form from this state and it is evident that the distri-
bution of the typical subspecies overlaps considerably with that of subspecies
albomaculata.

Amenia leonina albomaculata (Macquart, 1851)

Ptylostylum albomaculatum Macquart, 1851, Mem. Soc. Sci. Lille 1850 : 195. Dipteres Exot.

Suppl. 4 : 222.
Amenia leonina ab chaetameniina Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dtsch. Kolon Mus. Bremen 1 : 443.

(Name without nomenclatorial status).
Amenia leonina enderleini Paramonov, 1957, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 12 (10) : 60. Holotype 6*.

NEW SOUTH WALES. In the Division of Entomology Museum, C.S.I. R.O., Canberra.

syn. n.

LECTOTYPE DESIGNATION : the type-material of Ptylostylum albomaculatum
Macquart (in Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) consists of two 3 and four $ syntypes ; of the
six syntypes, three (a 3 an<i two $) have median marginal setae on T3 and other
three syntypes do not. The 3 sYntype in which median marginal setae on T3 are
present has been labelled and is here designated as lectotype ; the name albo-
maculatum is thus affixed to the form possessing these setae.

DIAGNOSIS. Characters as given in foregoing key to subspecies.

Very similar in most characters to the nominate subspecies but differing as follows : Both
sexes with a pair of median marginal setae on abdominal T3. Head of 6* very broad, 1-15-1 -24
times as wide as thorax measured at the humeral calli. Frons of <J extremely narrow and at

n6 R. W. CROSSKEY

its narrowest point only 0-023-0-036 of head width. Ocelli (<$) raised on a very distinct ocellar
tubercle which is especially prominent because of the reduction of vertex and frons. Upper
parts of the postorbits in <$ obliterated so that the postorbits do not nearly reach the vertex,
the upper parts of the eyes abutting directly against the occiput. Head of $ with more dis-
tinctly orange colour, the pollinosity golden orange and not usually so yellow as in typical
subspecies. The pair of small whitish pollinose submedian spots on T3 often more conspicuous
than in typical subspecies, sometimes very distinct to naked eye. Size range as in typical
subspecies.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. AUSTRALIA : 3 $$, New South Wales, Toronto, Filmar
(Health Dept.) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i & New South Wales, Jervis Bay, xii.1926-
11.1927 (F. A. Rodway] (B.M. Nat. Hist) ; i $, i $, New South Wales, Awaba, 9.11.1950.
(B. McMillan) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, National Park, I2.iv.i925 (Mackerras] (U.S.
Nat. Mus.) ; i $, Queensland, Mackay (G. Turner] (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, Queens-
land, Buderim Mts., 7.^.1912 (H. Hacker] (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <£, i $, Queensland,
Brisbane, 24.ix.i9i4 (H. Hacker] (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, Milson Island, 23. ix. 1915
(B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, Rockhampton, 1868 (Thorey) (Nat. Mus. Vienna, para-
lectotype of A. stictica Engel) ; 2 $$, Australia (no other data, ex coll. Bigot] (B.M.
Nat. Hist.) ; i $, i $, without data (Staatl. Mus. Stuttgart).

Distribution : A. leonina albomaculata has a more southerly distribution in
Australia than the typical subspecies, and occurs principally in New South Wales
and southern Queensland ; in the latter area it occurs northwards as far as Brisbane
and Bowen and overlaps in distribution with A. leonina leonina. Paramonov
(1957, p. 60) has recorded a large number of specimens of this subspecies (under the
name A. leonina enderleini] from New South Wales and has also recorded it from
Victoria. Paramonov's type of enderleini is from Bateman's Bay, N.S.W. Malloch
(1929) recorded a specimen of A. leonina from Deep Creek, near Kingscote, Kangaroo
Island, South Australia ; I have not seen the specimen on which this record is based,
but from the locality it almost certainly belongs to the subspecies albomaculata.

Macquart (1851) cited Tasmania as the type-locality of Ptylostylum albomaculatum,
and the type-specimens are labelled ' Tasmania ' ; A . leonina does not occur in
Tasmania and, as discussed earlier (see page 103), the type-locality of albomaculata
is almost certainly New South Wales.

Amenia longicornis (Malloch, 1930)
(Text-fig. 19)

Neoamenia longicornis Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 55 : 103. Holotype Q"-
WESTERN AUSTRALIA. In the Division of Entomology Museum, C.S.I. R.O., Canberra.
Amenia longicornis (Malloch), Paramonov, 1957, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. 12 (10) : 57.

DIAGNOSIS. Scutellum with four pairs of marginal setae ; general colour purple-
black ; abdominal T4 with a pair of lateral white spots ; facial carina pinched-in
inwardly and antennae in deep foveae ; upper occiput black and shining.

o*. Head : Interfrontal area yellow-orange or deep orange ; parafrontals, parafacials and
genae orange-yellow with bright golden orange pollinosity ; facial carina, antennal foveae and
epistome yellow-orange with pale yellowish pollen, that on carina rather shining ; postorbits

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 117

thickly yellow or bright golden pollinose ; postbuccae and lower parts of occiput yellow-orange
and semi-shining, almost devoid of pollinosity ; upper two-thirds of occiput (except for orange
cerebrale) very dark shining black-brown, non-pollinose. Parafrontal hair black, some of
uppermost parafrontal hairs rather strong and proclinate and resembling small irregular pro-
clinate orbital setae ; genal hair yellow, hair of postbuccae pale brown to blackish ; all occipital
hair black. Eyes well separated, frons and vertex broader than in other species except imperialis ;
frons narrowest about midway between lunula and ocelli and gradually and slightly widening
from this point to vertex, interfrontal area either slightly narrowed near middle or gradually
and evenly broadening from lunula to ocelli. Vertex seen from above and measured across
posterior ocelli varying from 0-23-0-32 of head width (0-24 in holotype). Vertex with black
spot around ocelli easily visible to naked eye ; ocellar setae well developed, directed mainly
outwards. A pair of minute but distinct prevertical setulae present in some specimens,
counterpart of prevertical setae of female. Vertex with outer vertical setae distinguishable,
either very fine and hair-like and only slightly longer than setulae of postocular row or (in South
Australian specimens) well developed. Frontal setae not or only just meeting at tips, uppermost
pairs not very noticeably weaker than lowest pairs. Facial carina very heavy, strongly
postero-laterally compressed so that outer surface is rather flattened and sides very conspicuously
pinched-in towards one another ; anterior surface of carina sometimes sulcate (as in holotype)
but often rather flat, shape in facial view variable, in some specimens regularly elongate-oval
but in others merging through to more lanceolate shape with upper end more gradually
contracting than ventral end ; length of carina variable as well as shape, from 1-9-3-3 times as
long as epistome (3-3 times as long in holotype) and longer or shorter than distance from lunula
to anterior ocellus. Antennal foveae very deep, antennal bases not widely separated. Gena a
little over a third of eye-height in most specimens but varying from 0-32-0-42 of eye-height
(0-32 in holotype). Parafacial two to three times as wide as third antennal segment. Antennae
orange, length variable, third segment from 3-2-5-9 times as long as second segment (5-9 times
in holotype) ; seta on second segment rather weak ; arista equal in length to third antennal
segment in specimens with very short antennae, much shorter than third segment in specimens
with elongate antennae, in latter specimens thickened for slightly more than half its length and
more densely plumose. Palpi yellow. Thorax : purplish black ; dark purple colouring most
evident on scutellum and near white spots. Mesonotum with usual three pairs of bold thickly
white pollinose marginal spots, front pair of which cover top of humeral callus and notopleuron ;
prescutum with a pair of white pollinose submedian vittae which taper posteriorly and die out
well before transverse suture, vittae sometimes small and inconspicuous to naked eye, their
appearance shifting with direction of light ; marginal spots with fixed appearance irrespective
of viewpoint. Each mesopleuron and sternopleuron with large white spot. Scutellum with
four pairs of marginal setae (lateral pair rather weak in holotype specimen). Wings : clear
hyaline except for usual dark brown infuscation over basal cells. Costal margin not bowed
forwards in holotype, but in some specimens conspicuously or slightly bowed forwards apicad
of vein Sc (bowing forwards of wing most developed in S. Australian specimens). Bend of
vein M widely obtuse, apical part of vein almost straight from bend to apex. Bend of M
unusually remote from wing margin (Text-fig. 19), distance from bend to margin 2-3-3-9 times
as great as that between m-cu and bend ; on vein M distance from r-m to m-cu 3-5-5-2 times as
great as that between m-cu and bend. Calyptrae dark brown except for extreme base of lower
calypter and outer three-quarters (in wings-folded position) of upper calypter which are opaque
white. Legs : black with metallic violaceous reflections on femora. Mid tibia with three or
four ad setae and sometimes some smaller additional ad setulae. Abdomen : dark purple,
slightly more violaceous and less black in appearance than mesonotum. T3 with a pair of lateral
white pollinose bands extending round sides of tergite from ventro-lateral position and fading
out dorso-laterally, appearance of these white areas depending on direction of light, incon-
spicuous dorsally from some points of view. T4 with a pair of very small but conspicuous
white pollinose lateral spots (absent in other A menia) , rounded in shape and not extending on to
dorsum of tergite. T5 with a pair of very large white bands occupying most of sides of tergite,
very broad and extending from near ventral margins of tergite round on to dorsal surface, bands

n8 R. W. CROSSKEY

of each side separated mid dorsally by about one-third of width of tergite ; white bands appearing
brilliantly and boldly marked to naked eye, but under microscopic examination shifting in
appearance with direction of light, from some points of view appearing silvery or very dark
greyish with a narrow metallic blue margin around the pollinose areas. T3 with a pair of strong
median marginal setae, occasionally one of the pair duplicated so that there are three median
marginals in all. T5 without or with only very few hairs situated on white areas. Measure-
ments : body length 10-5 mm. (range 9-4-11-6 mm.), wing length 9-2 mm. (range 7-5-10-3 mm.)
[n specimens]. Dimensions of holotype : body length 9-4 mm., wing length 7-5 mm.

9- Very like <$ but differing in broader frons and vertex and normal unbowed costal margin
of wing. Interfrontal area 1-5-1-7 times as wide as a paraf rental at level of lowest proclinate
orbital seta. Parafrontals with two or three pairs of proclinate orbital setae. Vertex seen
from above 0-31-0-35 of head width. Facial carina 2-0-2-4 times as long as epistome. Antennae
short in all known specimens, third segment 2-8-3-4 times as long as second segment. Measure-
ments : body length 8-8 mm. (range 8-4-9-2 mm.), wing length 7-8 mm. (range 7-5-8-2 mm.)
[4 specimens] ; the few females at present available are probably at small end of size range and
a longer series would probably show mean size near that of $.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype $, AUSTRALIA : Western Australia (Newman).

AUSTRALIA : i <J, i $, Western Australia, 1902 (Heath] (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $,
Western Australia, Booanya, ii.i932 (Miss A. E. Baesjou} (Div. Ent. Mus. Canberra) ;
2 $£, Western Australia, Margooinya Rks. 4 mis. WSW of Balladonia H.S., lo.xii.
1953 (/. H. Calaby) (Div. Ent. Mus. Canberra) ; 5 £$, Western Australia, 8 mis. E.
of Youlgannah R.H., N. of Eyre, 5.viii.i952 (Calaby & Mclntosh} (Div. Ent. Mus.
Canberra and B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <$, Western Australia, 100 mis. W. of Eucla,
25.X.I958 (E. F. Riek) (Div. Ent. Mus. Canberra) ; 3 <££, South Australia, 25 mis.
SW. of Iron Knob, 23.x. 1958 (E. F. Riek} (Div. Ent. Mus. Canberra and B.M. Nat.
Hist.) ; i <£, South Australia, 40 mis. SW. of Iron Knob, 23.x. 1958 (E. F. Riek} (Div.
Ent. Mus. Canberra) ; i $, South Australia, Wilpena Pound (H. M. Hale} (Div. Ent.
Mus. Canberra).

Distribution : Only known from the south-eastern part of Western Australia and
from South Australia. It is of interest to note that in Western Australia, judging
from material so far available, the range of A . longicornis (Malloch) does not overlap
with that of Formosiomima nigromaculata (Malloch) which appears to be confined to
the south-western corner of Western Australia ; Formosiomima appears to replace
Amenta in the extreme south-west corner of Australia.

DISCUSSION OF VARIABILITY. At present A . longicornis is known only from a very
limited amount of material but it is nonetheless evident that the species (assuming
as here, that the material is truly conspecific) varies considerably in its cephalic
characters. Male specimens from South Australia have short antennae, a short
facial carina which is regularly elongate oval in facial view, a broader vertex, rather
strongly developed outer vertical setae and a strongly marked forward bowing of the
costal margin of the wing ; most males from Western Australia, on the other hand,
have elongate antennae and a long rather lanceolate facial carina, a narrower vertex,
very weak or hair-like outer vertical setae and no well marked bowing forward of
the costa. At first it appeared likely that A. longicornis fell into two distinct,
largely geographically isolated, populations definable as subspecies but this was not
satisfactorily confirmed when measurements on all available were taken into account ;

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 119

for instance, a specimen from near Eucla in the extreme east of Western Australia
is completely intermediate between specimens from further west in Western Australia
and specimens from further east in South Australia. There appears to be no point
at which there is any sudden break, and there is a gradual transition in the variable
head characters from east to west. A. longicornis occurs only so far as is known in a
relatively small area of southern Australia across the Nullarbor Plain and the southern
part of the state of South Australia, but within this area the species appears to show
an east-west cline with a very rapid transition of certain characters : thus from
east to west the $ vertex gets narrower, the facial carina longer and narrower, the
antennae much longer, and the outer vertical setae much weaker ; in addition there
is a narrowing of the parafacials and genae, and the loss of the forward bowing of the
costal wing margin. Unfortunately the exact locality of the holotype specimen in
Western Australia is unknown, but it has the longest antennae and facial carina and
the narrowest vertex of any specimen seen and by inference therefore must have
been collected at or near the extreme western end of the distribution range. In-
sufficient female material is yet available to determine whether this sex shows
similar evidence of a cline. However for the present it appears best to regard all
available male and female material as belonging to a single species, A. longicornis,
and showing strong evidence of a cline within this species. There is no clear evidence
of definite geographical subspeciation. The evidence for a cline will be clear from
the following tabulation :

(a) Locality : Wilpena, S.A., approx. longitude 139° E., vertex 0-31 of head
width, carina 1-9 times as long as epistome, third antennal segment 3-2 times as long
as second.

(b) Locality : near Iron Knob, S.A., approx. longitude 134-135° E., vertex
0-31-0-32 of head width, carina 2-0-2-2 times as long as epistome, third antennal
segment 3-4-4-1 times as long as second.

(c) Locality : near Eucla, W.A., approx. longitude 127° E., vertex 0-29 of head
width, carina 2-4 times as long as epistome, third antennal segment 3-5 times as long
as second.

(d) Locality : near Eyre, W.A., approx. longitude 126° E., vertex 0-25-0-26 of
head width, carina 2-7-3-2 times as long as epistome, third antennal segment 4-7-5-3
times as long as second.

(e) Holotype specimen (exact locality unknown) : vertex 0-24 of head width,
carina 3-3 times as long as epistome, third antennal segment 5-9 times as long as
second.

Foregoing data refers to male specimens and exact localities are given in detail
under ' material examined ' above ; abbreviations ' S.A. ' and ' W.A. ' refer to
states of South and Western Australia respectively.

izo R. W. CROSSKEY

Amenia chrysame (Walker, 1849)

Dexia chrysame Walker, 1849, List Spec. Dipt. Ins. coll. Brit. Mus., 4 : 866. Holotype °.,
AUSTRALIA (' NEW HOLLAND '). In the British Museum (Natural History), London.
Amenia chrysame (Walker), Malloch, 1930, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 55 : 101. Chaetamenia
chrysame (Walker), Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dtsch. KolonMus. Bremen 1 : 442.

Musca varia Walker, 1852, Ins. Saundersiana 1, Dipt. pt. iv : 342. Holotype ?, AUSTRALIA.
In the British Museum (Natural History), London, syn. n.

Amenia parva Schiner, 1868, Reise Novara, Zool. 2, Dipt. : 316. Lectotype $, AUSTRALIA.
In the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna. Grapholostylum parvum (Schiner), Enderlein,
!936, Veroff. dtsch. KolonMus. Bremen 1 : 442.

Chaetamenia chrysame ab graphostylina Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dtsch. KolonMus. Bremen 1 : 442.
(Name without nomenclatorial status.)

LECTOTYPE DESIGNATION : type-material of Amenia parva Schiner consists of
two (£ syntypes in the Vienna Museum ; one of these has been labelled and is here
designated as lectotype, the other has been labelled as paralectotype.

DIAGNOSIS. Scutellum with three pairs of marginal setae ; postorbits silvery
white ; genal hair brownish black ; basal quarter or third of discal cell largely
devoid of macrotrichia.

o*. Head : Interfrontal area yellow-orange ; parafrontals, parafacials, genae, postbuccae
and extreme lower parts of occiput yellow with yellow or golden pollinosity ; face yellow or
orange-yellow with yellow pollinosity on facial carina but rather bare and shining on epistome
and lower ends of antennal foveae ; postorbits densely silvery white pollinose over dark ground
colour ; most of occiput very dark brownish black and shining, non-pollinose ; upper part of
cerebrale yellow-orange like vertex. All hair of parafrontals, genae and postbuccae brownish
black ; occipital hair black. Eyes approximated and frons narrow but interfrontal area
distinct throughout its length and at its narrowest point as wide as or usually slightly wider
than one parafrontal at corresponding position ; frons narrowest a little in front of anterior
ocellus and widening very slightly from this point to vertex, at its narrowest 0-10-0-14 °f head
width. Vertex usually with dark brown spot around ocelli ; ocellar setae very weak, not
strongly differentiated from tuft of long hairs on ocellar triangle. Postorbits very strongly
tapering towards vertex and almost obliterated just before vertical setae so that uppermost
setulae of postocular row are inserted very close to eye. Frontal setae well developed, each
row reaching about to level of anterior ocellus and setae becoming only gradually and slightly
weaker dorsally, setae of each side just meeting or crossing only near the tips ; none of frontal
setae very weak and hair-like. Facial carina narrower than in other species, slightly elongate
and rounded on outer surface (not at all sulcate), sometimes a little pinched-in laterally and
slightly fusiform in facial view, equal in length to or a little shorter than distance from lunula
to anterior ocellus, 2-5-2-9 times as long as epistome ; epistome very distinctly set off from ventral
end of carina and unusually prominent. Gena 0-31-0-38 of eye-height. Parafacial about three
times as wide as third antennal segment. Antennae usually brownish on basal segments except
for orange dorsal tip of second segment, third segment pale orange ; third segment 3-0-3-5
times as long as second segment ; seta on second segment well developed but much shorter
than third segment ; arista about equal in length to third segment. Palpi yellow. Thorax :
mesonotum bright coppery green, sometimes with coppery reddish or golden tinge, occasionally
emerald or slightly bluish green ; scutellum concolorous with mesonotum. Mesonotum with
three pairs of white pollinose marginal spots, front pair on notopleura and hind part of humeral
calli conspicuous to naked eye but other pairs small and much less conspicuous ; prescutum
with a pair of broad white pollinose submedian vittae occupying most of area between dc and
acr rows of setae on each side, vittae only obvious to naked eye near fore margin of prescutum
but from behind under microscopical examination seen to extend back thinly to transverse

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 121

suture ; submedian white vittae disappearing in some lights as fly is turned, but then a pair of
very fine coppery longitudinal lines usually evident underlying the pollen. Sides of thorax
largely green anteriorly but reddish brown with violet or dark greenish tinge posteriorly, usually
also partly violet around white spot on mesopleuron ; each mesopleuron and sternopleuron
with large very boldly marked white pollinose spot, appearance not shifting with light. Scutel-
lum with three pairs of marginal setae. Wings : clear hyaline except for dark brown mark
over basal cells. Costal margin without definite forward bowing. Basal quarter or third of
discal cell with membrane bare, devoid of macrotrichia except sometimes near mid line. Bend
of vein M slightly obtuse, distance from bend to wing margin 1-1-1-4 times as great as that
between m-cu and bend ; on vein M distance from r-m to m-cu usually 2-9-3-3 times as great
as that between m-cu and bend. Upper calypter opaque white, lower calypter dark brown
except for white extreme base. Legs : dark black-brown, femora only slightly violaceous
metallic. Mid tibia usually with only a single strong submedian ad seta, sometimes with a
much smaller ad seta nearer the base ; never with more than two ad setae in material seen.
Abdomen : bright green dorsally and postero-ventrally, mainly violet antero-ventrally, dorsum
usually with bright coppery reflections at least posteriorly, dorsum of T4 and T5 sometimes
extensively reddish copper. Hind margins of tergites sometimes more distinctly cupreous than
rest of surface. Dorsally usually with a narrow but distinct median longitudinal dark line
which is widest and blackish on T3 but very narrow and copper-coloured on succeeding tergites ;
on last two visible tergites median coppery line sometimes lost in general copper colouring.
T3 on each side with a broad band of white pollinosity appearance of which shifts with direction
of light, viewed from behind white pollinosity seen to extend thinly on to most of dorsum of the
tergite ; from behind white pollinose areas appear clearly separated from one another in mid
line by the broad blackish median vitta. T4 non-pollinose. TS with usual pair of large lateral
white pollinose areas which extend round on to dorsum of tergite, appearance of the white spots
changing greatly with direction of light. T3 with one or two pairs of very strong erect median
marginal setae (specimens with two pairs referred to by Enderlein (1936) as aberration grapho-
stylina), occasionally a very strong pair flanked by a much weaker less erect outer pair, some
specimens with three strong median marginals. Pollinose areas of T5 with sparse hair like rest
of tergite. Measurements : body length 9-0 mm. (range 7-5-9-8 mm.), wing length 8-5 mm.
(range 7-2-9-5 mm.) [8 specimens].

?. Mainly like 6* but differing as follows : frons very broad but strongly contracting towards
vertex, viewed from above width of vertex about a quarter (0-25-0-28) of head width ; inter-
frontal area equal in width to or a little narrower than a parafrontal at level of lower proclinate
orbital seta ; frontal setae more strongly crossed ; ocellar setae long and strong ; apparently
always with two ad setae on mid tibia ; abdomen without dark fine median line and with very
indistinct pollinosity dorso-laterally on T3, this tergite only noticeably white on sides and with
median blackish vitta at most only partially and weakly developed. In all specimens seen only
two pairs of (for Amenta) unusually strong proclinate orbital setae. Size range much as for J,
holotype of varia Walker (in poor condition) is smallest specimen seen, body length 6-0 mm.,
wing length about 5-2 mm.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Dexia chrysame Walker, holotype ?, AUSTRALIA (no other
data). Musca varia Walker, holotype $, AUSTRALIA (no other data). Amenia
parva Schiner, lectotype <$, AUSTRALIA : New South Wales, Sydney (Novara Exp.)
and paralectotype <£, data as for lectotype (Nat. Mus. Vienna).

AUSTRALIA : i $, Victoria, Bright (H. W. Davey) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i ?, Victoria,
Ararat (H. W. Davey) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i ?, New South Wales, Laura (B.M. Nat.
Hist.) ; i $, New South Wales, Sydney, 4.xii.i92i (Health Dept.) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ;
2 &?, New South Wales, Sydney (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, New South Wales,
Sydney (Bridwett) (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i #, Mill, Allyn Range, i8.xii.ig22

122 R. W. CROSSKEY

(Nicholson] (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i ?, New South Wales, Milson Is. (B.M. Nat.
Hist.) ; i <£, New South Wales, Mt. Kuring-Gai, 27. ix. 1950 (B. McMillan, (B.M.
Nat. Hist.) ; i <$, Queensland, Brisbane (Bridwell] (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; 1^,1$,
Queensland, Brisbane, 24. ix. 1914 (H. Hacker] (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i $, Queensland,
Eidsvold (/. L. Bancroft) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <$, Queensland, Mackay (G. Turner)
(B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i & Queensland, Kuranda (F. P. Dodd] (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <J,
i $, Queensland, Herberton, 3,700 ft., xii.igio (Dodd] (Staatl. Mus. Stuttgart).

In addition to the foregoing material I have seen one $ (in Zool. Mus. Humb.
Univ.) without locality data but with the collector's name ' v. Kraatz ' ; the
specimen has been labelled by Enderlein as ' Grapholostylum parvum (Schiner 1868) '
and is the one referred to in Enderlein's (1936, p. 442) paper.

Distribution : Widespread in eastern Australia from Victoria northwards to
Queensland. Hutton's (1873, 1881) record of this species from New Zealand under
the name A. parva Schiner is erroneous, as Hutton (1900) later pointed out.

FORMOSIOMIMA Enderlein, 1936

Formosiomima Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dtsch. KolonMus. Bremen 1 : 444. Type-species :
Formosiomima imitatvix Enderlein, 1936 [= Amenia nigromaculata Malloch, 1929], by
original designation.

DIAGNOSIS. Ventral surface of costa bare between apices of veins Sc and R^
Fore tibia with one PV seta and without pd setae. Cross-vein r-m distinctly before
middle of discal cell. Body short and broad with remarkable black and whitish
pattern resembling Tachinid genus Amphibolia Macquart. Abdominal tergites
partially fused, sutures between hindmost visible tergites indistinct and without
break in dense pollen cover. Marginal setae of T4 not regularly spaced as in other
Ameniinae, arranged in widely separated pairs (Text-fig. 27). Scutum with pair of
white sunmedian spots in addition to three marginal pairs of mesonotum. Facial
carina not sexually dimorphic. <$ eyes strongly approximated. <$ without pro-
clinate orbital, pre vertical or outer vertical setae. Abdominal sternites of both
sexes without definite strong or spiniform setae but with moderately long hair.

DISCUSSION. Formosiomima is at present monotypic, containing only the single
species originally described as Amenia nigromaculata Malloch and later described by
Enderlein as Formosiomima imitatrix. This species differs very strikingly from all
Amenia species not only in the remarkable Amphibolia-\ike pattern (the basis of
Enderlein's name imitatrix) but in the partial obliteration of the sutures dorsally
between the tergites and the very unusual arrangement of widely spaced pairs of
marginal setae on T4 (in Amenia and other Ameniinae the marginal setae of T4 form
an almost regular evenly spaced row) ; in my view these very exceptional characters
justify the recognition of Formosiomima Enderlein as a genus distinct from Amenia.
The abdominal pattern is quite differently formed from that of Amenia : in Amenia
the abdomen is almost all bare and metallic with only thin silvery-white pollinosity
almost entirely confined to the sides of T3 and T5 ; in Formosiomima most of the
abdomen is very thickly and uniformly pollinose except on Ti + 2 and on large

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE

123

spot-like areas on succeeding tergites. The areas of the abdomen in Formosiomima
in which pollinosity is absent appear as black spots surrounded and separated by a
generally pale pollinose background (Text-fig. 27) ; each of the separated pairs of
marginal setae on T4 stands on a black spot. Formosiomima also differs from Amenia
in the much weaker and more hair-like vestiture of the sternites, which bear no
strong spiniform setae.

Distribution : Western Australia only.

124 R- W. CROSSKEY

DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES

Formosiomima nigromaculata (Malloch, 1929) comb. n.
(Text-fig. 27)

Amenia nigromaculata Malloch, 1929, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 54 : 286. Holotype (J,

WESTERN AUSTRALIA. In the Division of Entomology Museum, C.S.I. R.O., Canberra.

Chaetamenia nigromaculatum (Malloch), Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dtsch. KolonMus. Bremen

1 : 442.
Formosiomima imitatrix Enderlein, 1936. Veroff. dtsch. KolonMus. Bremen 1 : 444. Holotype

6*. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. In the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat,

Berlin, syn. n.

DIAGNOSIS. Diagnosis as for genus, Formosiomima monotypic. Immediately
distinguishable from all Amenia species by remarkable pattern resembling that of
Amphibolia in the Tachinidae, including presence of submedian white spots on
scutum.

o*. Head : Interfrontal area orange or orange-yellow ; parafrontals, parafacials and genae
pale orange or orange-yellow with dense golden or golden orange pollinosity ; face and epistome
also yellowish orange but with thin yellowish white pollinosity ; postorbits thickly yellow to
golden orange pollinose ; postbuccae semi-shining orange-yellow, inconspicuously pollinose ;
occiput (except for small orange triangle behind vertex) brownish black, non-pollinose. Hair
of parafrontals, genae, postbuccae and occiput entirely black. Eyes very strongly approximated
and frons very narrow, upper part of interfrontal area almost eliminated but parafrontals of
each side not quite meeting in mid line ; frons narrowest slightly anterior to anterior ocellus,
at narrowest point about one-thirteenth (0-068-0-085) of head width. Ocellar triangle blackish,
slightly raised, ocellar setae distinct. Postorbits very narrowly tapering at upper ends, occiput
and long fine postocular setae just laterad of vertical setae almost abutting against eyes. Frontal
setae cruciate, very weak, uppermost pairs very fine and hair like, the rows of setae reaching
almost to anterior ocellus. Facial carina short and broad, antennal bases well separated and
antennal foveae shallow, outer surface of carina slightly rounded and sometimes slightly sulcate ;
carina shorter than distance from lunula to anterior ocellus and 1-7-2-0 times as long as epistome,
latter elongate and poorly differentiated from ventral end of facial carina. Gena about two-
fifths (0-39-0-43) of eye-height. Parafacial about 2-5 times as wide as third antennal segment.
Antennae with first two segments mainly dark brown or black (distinction from all Amenia
species), third segment pale orange, falling short of mouth-margin by more than their own
length, third segment about 2-5 times as long as second segment ; seta on second segment
shorter, arista slightly longer, than third antennal segment. Palpi yellow. Thorax : black,
sometimes with slight bluish purple tinge round edges of spots. Mesonotum with five pairs of
large boldly-marked white pollinose areas, appearance of which is fixed (not noticeably shifting
with direction of light) ; five pairs of spots comprise the usual three marginal pairs, plus a pair
on prescutum and a pair on scutum. Anterior pair of marginal spots are elongate, lying over
humeral calli, notopleura and portion of each side of prescutum ; white marks on prescutum
consist of pair of broad submedian white vittae lying just mesad of each prst dc row of setae and
extending back almost to transverse suture ; pair of white spots on scutum large but more
rounded than those on prescutum, submedian in position on posterior half of scutum, lying
almost in line with prescutal white vittae. Each mesopleuron and sternopleuron with a large
round white pollinose spot with fixed appearance. All thoracic white spots strongly contrasting
with black background. Scutellum with four pairs of marginal setae. Wings : basal cells
dark brown except for clear area at extreme base, wings otherwise clear hyaline. Apical half
of costal margin not noticeably bowed forwards. Bend of vein M obtuse, distance from bend
to wing margin 1-6 times as great as that between m-cu and bend ; on vein M distance from

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 125

r-m to m-cu 3'2-3'4 times as great as that between vn-cu and bend. Lower calypter very dark
brown except for white basal part which is hidden when wings folded back, one third of upper
calypter brown and remainder opaque white. Abdomen : with very striking black and pale
yellowish grey pattern (Text-fig. 27), the dorsum with five large bold black spots. Tergites with
a thick uniform covering of pale pollinosity, usually pale yellowish grey but with a very slight
greenish tinge, except for following black areas : whole of Ti + 2 black ; large median dorsal
spot and a pair of small lateral spots on T3 black ; large median spots, pair of large sublateral
spots and a pair of smaller lateral spots on T4 black ; large postero-median subtriangular area
on T.5 black ; in addition ventral ends of T4 and T5 black adjacent to sternites. All st.ernites
black. Lateral and sublateral pairs of black spots on T4 sometimes nearly or just confluent ;
median black spots of T3 and T4 variable in size, but set against hind margin and not reaching
fore margin of each tergite. Sutures between T3 and T4, T4 and TS almost obliterated dorsally
with the pale pollinosity appearing continuous between the tergites. All black spots and Ti + 2
with dark purple or violaceous tinge in some lights under microscopic examination, but appearing
quite black to naked eye. Median marginal setae of T3 variable, usually four but sometimes
one pair only or number irregular, three or five. Transverse row of marginal setae on T4
irregular, setae standing in pairs on black spots with distinct spaces between each pair. Dorsal
abdominal hair long and very fine ; hair of sternites long and strong but not at all spiniform.
Measurements : body length 10-9, n-o mm., wing length 10-4, 10-5 mm. [2 specimens].

?. Very similar to <$ except for broad frons and broader parafacials. Interfrontal area in
specimen seen 0-85 times as wide as one parafrontal at level of lowest proclinate orbital seta,
parafrontals very broad and each bearing two or three proclinate orbital setae. Vertex seen
from above slightly narrower than one eye, by measurement eye-vertex-eye ratio 27 : 25 : 27.
Gena 0-44 of eye-height. Parafacial about 3-75 times as wide as third antennal segment. Mid
tibia with four strong ad setae and some smaller setae interspersed in the one specimen seen.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Formosiomima imitatrix Enderlain, holotype £, AUST-
RALIA : Western Australia, Swan River (von Preiss}.

AUSTRALIA : i <$, Western Australia, Garden I., 23.viii.i959 (Mackerras) (B.M.
Nat. Hist.) ; i $ ,Western Australia, Pt. Peron, 29.viii.i933 (K. R. N orris) (B.M.
Nat. Hist.).

The holotype of Amenta nigromaculata Malloch has not been seen but this is an
unmistakable species ; the two specimens mentioned above (other than imitatrix
type) have been compared with nigromaculata type in Canberra and are each labelled
" Paramonov det. Amenia nigromaculata Mall, compared with type ". The data
of nigromaculata holotype are : <$, Western Australia, Perth, i.xi.ig24 (Nicholson).

Distribution : Known only from the south-western part of the state of Western
Australia. Paramonov (1957) has recorded several localities for this species, all in
the general area of Perth.

Tribe PARAMENIINI Enderlein
PARAMENIINI Enderlein, 1936, Veroff. dtsch. KolonMus. Bremen 1 : 446.

DIAGNOSIS. Ameniinae with following characters : Head without facial carina.
Prescutum with outer posthumeral seta situated laterad of presutural seta or in line
with it (Text-fig. 10). Hind tibia without definite pv apical seta. Prosternum and
propleuron bare or at most with a few very short fine inconspicuous hairs.

Type-genus : Paramenia Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1889.

The tribe Parameniini is at present monogeneric for Paramenia.

126 R. W. CROSSKEY

PARAMENIA Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1889

Paramenia Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1889, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 56 : 151. Type-
species : Paramenia semiauriceps Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1889, by monotypy.

Calliphoropsis Townsend, 1915, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 28 : 22. Type-species : Musca
macularis Walker, 1859, by original designation.

DIAGNOSIS. Diagnostic characters as for tribe, following additional characters
may be noted : Ventral surface of costa bare between apices of Sc and Rv Fore
tibia with one pv and without pd setae. Both sexes with strong spinous setae on
abdominal sternites. $ with eyes approximated and frons narrow, without outer
vertical, prevertical or proclinate orbital setae.

DISCUSSION. Malloch (ig28a) synonymised the species on which Paramenia and
Calliphoropsis are based, and thus treated the genera as isogenotypic synonyms.
The synonymy of the genera is upheld in the present treatment as the type-species
are unquestionably congeneric ; but macularis from the Am Islands and semiauriceps
from the Australian mainland, although superficially extremely alike, differ con-
stantly in major characters of the head and it appears best to regard them as distinct
species in the absence of good evidence of conspecificity. In addition to these two
species, one new species is here described and divitiosa Walker (originally described
in Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy) is newly-assigned to Paramenia (comb, n.) ;
thus four species of Paramenia are here recognised.

Townsend (1931) accepted Malloch's synonymy of semiauriceps and macularis and
cited Calliphoropsis Townsend as a synonym of Paramenia, but later (Townsend,
1935, 1937), without explanation, treated the two genera as distinct. Enderlein
(1936, p. 438) remarked that Calliphoropsis Townsend was unknown to him, but
appears to have overlooked Malloch's (i928a) and Townsend's (1931) synonymy of
this genus with Paramenia, for he omits any mention of Calliphoropsis in his brief
treatment of Parameniini (p. 446) . The assignment of divitiosa Walker and macularis
Walker to Lucilia Robineau-Desvoidy by Wulp (1896) is erroneous.

Specimens of Paramenia vary in the development of short fine inconspicuous hair
on the propleuron and prosternum, but there is no evidence that the presence or
absence of hairs on these sclerites is of any value as a systematic character.

Distribution : Paramenia occurs from Misool and the Aru Islands through parts
of Indonesian New Guinea to Papua and Queensland ; in Australia Paramenia is most
abundant in Queensland, but the range extends into New South Wales, and one
specimen is known from Victoria (Paramonov, 1957, p. 61). Engel (1925, p. 348)
recorded Paramenia (identified as semiauriceps} from Celebes, but confirmation is
needed that the genus occurs here : the two specimens (actually belonging to P.
divitiosa} on which Engel based this record have been seen ; each bears the single
word " Celebes " without other data, and the validity of the labels appears very
doubtful.

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 127

KEY TO THE SPECIES
(i) MALES

Eyes almost meeting in mid-line, frons reduced to very narrow strip at most only as
wide as anterior ocellus. Upper third of frons anterior to ocelli without frontal hairs.
Colour dark purple or bluish purple. [Queensland] . P. angustifrons sp. n. (p. 128)

Eyes distinctly separated, frons as wide as or almost as wide as third antennal segment
(about three times as wide as anterior ocellus). Frons with crossed frontal hairs
reaching almost to level of anterior ocellus. Colour dark green or greenish blue
in material seen (probably sometimes purplish in divitiosa) .... 2

Parafacials almost entirely silvery white, only narrowly golden adjacent to genae,
and paraf rentals pale silvery greyish. White pollinosity on scutum in area of supra-
alar setae very inconspicuous, not forming spots obvious to naked eye. Dorsum
of T3 with distinct covering of white pollinosity easily visible from behind. [New
Guinea and Misool] P. divitiosa (Walker) (p. 130)

Parafacials and paraf rentals entirely yellow to deep golden. White pollinosity on
scutum in area of supra-alar setae forming conspicuous white spots distinct to
naked eye. Dorsum of T3 without noticeable white pollinosity from any point
of view, white pollen on this tergite confined to lateral areas .... 3

Eyes large and genae correspondingly narrow (Text-fig. 50), gena in profile only
0-16-0-17 of eye height. Third antennal segment 5-1-5-5 times as long as second
segment ; antennae falling short of mouth-margin by not more than half the length
of third segment. Parafacial not strongly widening towards gena, at mid-height
only twice as wide as third antennal segment. [Aru Islands]

P. macularis (Walker) (p. 131)

Eyes smaller and genae broader (Text-fig. 49), gena in profile 0-27-0-29 of eye-height.
Third antennal segment 4-0-4-4 times as long as second segment ; antennae falling
short of mouth-margin by at least two-thirds of length of third segment. Parafacial
strongly widening towards gena, at mid-height two and a half or three times as
wide as third antennal segment. [Australia]

P. semiauriceps Brauer and Bergenstamm (p. 133)

(2) FEMALES

Mid tibia with one strong isolated submedian ad seta ...... 2

Mid tibia with two or three ad setae, basal one sometimes weak but always distinct 3

Colour violet purple. Gena very narrow, in profile 0-21-0-23 °f eye-height. Third

antennal segment 5-0-5-1 times as long as second segment P. angustifrons sp. n. (p. 128)

Colour blue with slight green tinge. Gena broader, in profile 0-26-0-28 of eye-height.
Third antennal segment 4-6-4-8 times as long as second segment

? new species (see p. 136)

Parafacial almost entirely silvery white, only narrowly yellow or golden adjacent to
gena. Eyes very long, gena in profile only 0-18-0-21 of eye-height. Colour
purple or dark blue in material seen . . P. divitiosa (Walker) (p. 130)

Parafacial yellow or golden on lower half or more, only upper half or third silvery
white. Eyes slightly or conspicuously smaller, gena in profile 0-22-0-35 of eye-
height. Colour almost always dark green or bluish green ..... 4

Eyes smaller and gena correspondingly broad, gena in profile about a third (0-31-0-35)
of eye-height. Third antennal segment 5-4-6-2 times as long as second segment.
Vertex broader, from above 0-60-0-66 of width of one eye. [Australia]

P. semiauriceps Brauer and Bergenstamm (p. 133)

Eyes larger, gena in profile about a quarter (0-22-0-25) of eye-height. Third antennal
segment 6-5-7-0 times as long as second segment. Vertex narrower, from above
0-48-0-55 of width of one eye. [Aru Islands] . . P. macularis (Walker) (p. 131)

128 R. W. CROSSKEY

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES

Note : the following characters of colour and pollinosity are common to all species
and are therefore omitted from the individual descriptions : — Legs black (with
slight metallic reflections on femora of same colour as body) . Lower calypter mainly
black-brown, only white on extreme base which is hidden by upper calypter ; upper
calypter opaque white on outer part with some pale brown infuscation on inner part
(in wings-folded position). Mesopleuron and sternopleuron each with a very large
thickly white pollinose spot occupying most of the sclerite. Abdominal T3 on each
side with an area of shining white pollen, appearance of the lateral white spots
shifting with light. Abdominal TS with a pair of very large white pollinose areas
occupying most of sides of tergite and nearly meeting one another mid-dorsally,
appearance shifting with direction of light but spots very conspicuous from behind.

Paramenia angustifrons sp. n.

(Text-figs. 45, 48)

DIAGNOSIS. <$ eyes nearly meeting, upper part of frons almost obliterated and
without frontal hairs ; $ with only one ad seta on mid tibia and with gena less than
one quarter of eye-height. General colour violet-purple.

$. Head : Interfrontal area dark brown. Parafrontals pale yellowish grey or silvery grey
pollinose ; parafacials and genae bright yellow or deep golden pollinose, the yellow colour of
upper parafacials merging gradually into greyish colour of parafrontals ; facialia and peristomal
strip blackish brown ; epistome yellowish ; face with blackish ground colour under antennae,
more yellowish towards epistome, with thin white pollinosity ; postorbits densely silvery white
pollinose ; occiput black with thin white pollen covering. Genal hair golden yellow. Eyes
very strongly approximated, almost meeting in mid-line and upper part of frons reduced to very
narrow strip only about as wide as anterior ocellus. Cruciate frontal setae weak, uppermost
pairs very short fine and hair-like, frontal hairs absent altogether from upper third of frons
below anterior ocellus. Eyes in profile very elongate, gena only 0-17-0-19 of eye-height.
Parafacial at mid-point about one and a half times as wide as third antennal segment. Antennae
blackish brown, third segment 4-0-4-2 times as long as second segment and falling short of
mouth-margin by about half its length. Palpi yellowish brown. Thorax : mainly dark
purple or violet-purple, sometimes with traces of bluish green colour on prescutum and scutum
or around sternopleural spot. Dorsum with very distinct thin white pollen covering when seen
from behind, white pollinosity thickest around margins of mesonotum, that in areas of supra-
alar setae distinct to naked eye. Wings : clear hyaline, except for usual slight darkening at
extreme base. Legs : mid tibia with a single strong ad seta which is not preceded by any
smaller ad setae. Abdomen: dark purple or violet-purple, sometimes blue- violet. Dorsum of
T3 seen from behind shining and without trace of any covering of white pollinosity. T3 either
without median marginal setae or with one or a pair (as in holotype) of such setae very weakly
developed. Hair of T5 very long and exceedingly fine, hairs hardly at all thickened towards
their bases. $ hypopygium as in Text -figs. 45 and 48. Measurements : body length 10-4 mm.
(range 9-2-11-7 mm.), wing length 10-1 mm. (range 8-9-11-4 mm.) [5 specimens].

$. Generally like 6* except for details of head. Lower half of parafacials golden and upper
half (like the parafrontals) silvery white. Gena 0-21-0-23 of eye-height. Antennae more
elongate than in <£, third segment 5-0-5-1 times as long as second segment and falling short of
mouth-margin by only about one third of its length. Vertex about four-sevenths (0-55-0-59)

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE

of width of one eye viewed from above. Parafacial at mid-point about twice as wide as third
antennal segment. Mid tibia as in <J with only one isolated ad seta (cf. semiauriceps) . Measure-
ments : body length n-8 mm. (range 11-2-12-4 mm.), wing length 10-6 mm. (range 9-8-11-6 mm.)
[4 specimens].

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype <$, AUSTRALIA : Queensland, Kuranda (F. P.
Dodd). In the Division of Entomology Museum, C.S.I.R.O., Canberra. Paratypes :
AUSTRALIA : i $, data as for holotype (Div. Ent. Mus. Canberra) ; i <$, 2 $$, data as
for holotype (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; 2 &?, Queensland, Kuranda, ix.igio (F. P. Dodd)
(B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $, Queensland, Townsville (F. P. Dodd) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ;
i $, Queensland, Herberton, 3,700 ft., xi.ign (Dodd) (U.S. Nat. Mus.).

43

45

46

47

48

FIGS. 43-48. <$ hypopygium (lateral view) and mesolobes and paralobes (posterior view)
of Paramenia : (43 and 46) P. divitiosa (Walker). (44 and 47) P. macularis (Walker).
(45 and 48) P. angustifrons sp. n.

130 R. W. CROSSKEY

The specimen from Herberton in U.S. Nat. Mus. bears a determination label by
Engel as ' semiauriceps ' and one by Townsend as ' macularis '. Engel (1925) and
Enderlein (1936) both record two specimens of Paramenia from Herberton with data
identical to that of the specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus. ; these specimens have not been
seen but from Enderlein's brief description (Enderlein, 1936, p. 446, under the non-
existent erroneous name ' P. auriceps B.B.') almost certainly belong to P. angustifrons
sp. n. Paramonov's (1957) record of P. macularis from Kuranda, Queensland, refers
to this species.

Distribution : Known only from the localities cited above in northern Queensland.
To judge from the limited amount of material so far available the range appears to
lie to the north of, and not to overlap with, that of P. semiauriceps.

AFFINITIES. P. angustifrons sp. n. is undoubtedly a true Paramenia but stands
slightly apart from other species because of the exceedingly narrow $ frons and
presence of only one ad seta on the $ mid tibia ; it is easily distinguished from P.
semiauriceps, the only other Australian species, also by the purplish colour and by
the much narrower gena and more elongate eye.

Paramenia divitiosa (Walker, 1864) comb. n.
(Text-figs. 43, 46)

Chrysomyia divitiosa Walker, 1864, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.), 7 : 215. Holotype $, MYSOL
(= MISOOL). In the British Museum (Natural History), London.

DIAGNOSIS. Parafacials of both sexes almost entirely silvery white, only very
narrowly golden yellow for about lower sixth or seventh adjacent to genae. White
pollinosity on scutum in areas of supra-alar setae inconspicuous, not forming white
spots obvious to naked eye.

<J. Head : Interfrontal area dark reddish brown. Parafrontals and almost all of parafacials
densely silvery white pollinose ; extreme ventral ends of parafacials (about lower seventh)
and all of genae golden yellow pollinose ; facialia blackish brown with thin whitish pollinosity ;
epistome and lower face pale reddish yellow ; upper face beneath antennae with blackish
ground colour covered by thin greyish white pollen ; postorbits thickly creamy white pollinose ;
occiput black with thin whitish pollinosity. Genal hair golden yellow. Eyes conspicuously
separated, frons at narrowest point nearly as wide as third antennal segment and about three
times as wide as anterior ocellus, parafrontals of each side meeting in mid-line and upper inter-
frontal area therefore entirely occluded. Lowest pairs of cruciate frontal setae well developed
but uppermost pairs fine and hair-like and reaching to level of anterior ocellus. Eyes in profile
very elongate, gena only 0-17 of eye-height. Parafacial at mid-point twice as wide as third
antennal segment. Antennae very dark reddish brown, third segment 5-7 times as long as
second segment and falling short of mouth-margin by about two-fifths of its length. Palpi
yellow brown. Thorax : dark greenish blue with traces of violet on mesonotum and scutellum
(probably sometimes entirely purplish). Dorsum with thin but distinct covering of white
pollinosity when seen from behind, pollen thicker round margins of mesonotum but that in areas
of supra-alar setae not forming spots conspicuous to naked eye. Wings : almost clear hyaline,
very faintest trace of yellowish brown tinge in addition to usual basal darkening. Legs : mid
tibia with two ad setae. Abdomen : dark greenish blue with violaceous reflections, especially
ventrally ; T3 with traces of a black median vitta in some lights. Dorsal surface of TS with a
conspicuous covering of white pollinosity when seen from behind, pollen on most of dorsum

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 131

except for median dark vitta. T3 without median marginal setae. Hair of T3 and T4 all
recumbent, that of T5 erect and fine. <J hypopygium as in Text-figs. 43 and 46. Measurements :
body length 12-3 mm., wing length 10-0 mm. [i specimen].

9. General colour from dark greenish blue to dark purplish, holotype specimen purple.
Agreeing with £ in having almost entirely silvery white parafacials with golden colour confined to
lower sixth adjacent to genae. Gena 0-18-0-21 of eye-height. Antennae with third segment
5-9—6-3 times as long as second segment, falling short of mouth-margin by a little under one
third of length of third segment. Vertex only about half (0-48-0-55) as wide as one eye viewed
from above. Parafacial at mid-point about two and a half times as wide as third antennal
segment. Mid tibia almost always with three ad setae of which basal one small, occasionally
only two, one specimen seen with four. Measurements : body length 13-5 mm. (range 12-2-
15-1 mm.), wing length 11-9 mm. (range 10-8-13-2 mm.) [8 specimens].

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype °-> MISOOL ISLAND (Indonesian New Guinea)
(A. R. Wallace).

INDONESIAN NEW GUINEA : 3 ??, Fak-Fak (A. E. Pratt] (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $,
Bernhard Camp, 50 m., 22.xii.iQ38 (Neth. Ind- American N. Guin. Expedit. J.
Olthof) (Rijksmus. Leiden).

NEW GUINEA (presumed Indonesian but no accurate data) : i $ (Macke) (Rijks-
mus. Leiden) ; 2 £$ (A. R. Wallace) (B.M. Nat. Hist.).

In addition to foregoing material : i $, i $ in Staatl. Mus. Stuttgart, each labelled
" Celebes " without other data, but this label probably erroneous ; these specimens
recorded by Engel (1925, p. 348) erroneously as P. semiauriceps B.B.

Distribution : Probably confined to the western part of Indonesian New Guinea
with its adjacent islands (including Misool, the type-locality), but the small amount
of material seen is poorly labelled so that exact localities cannot be fixed. The 9
specimen of Paramenia recorded under the name ' P. auriceps ' [sic] by Enderlein
(1936) from the Central Range, Dutch New Guinea, has not been seen but is almost
certainly this species.

AFFINITIES. Most closely allied to P. macularis (Walker), with similar long eye
and narrow gena and with vertex of same width in $, but distinguished by almost
all silvery white parafacials ; antennae slightly longer than in macularis.

Paramenia macularis (Walker, 1859)

(Text-figs. 44, 47, 50)

Musca macularis Walker, 1859, Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond (Zool.), 3 : 104. Lectotype <J, ARU
ISLANDS. In the British Museum (Natural History), London. Paramenia macularis
(Walker), Malloch, 1928, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 53 : 330.

LECTOTYPE DESIGNATION : the type-material of Musca macularis Walker con-
sists of one <$ and two $ syntypes in B.M. Nat. Hist. The £ syntype has been labelled
and is here designated as lectotype.

DIAGNOSIS. $ eyes separated by width of third antennal segment, parafacials
entirely yellow and gena one-sixth of eye-height ; $ mid tibia with two or more ad
setae, only upper third or half of parafacial white, gena about a quarter of eye-height
and third antennal segment at least 6-5 times as long as second.

132 R. W. CROSSKEY

cj. Head : Interf rental area dark reddish brown. Paraf rentals pale or lemon yellow polli-
nose ; parafacials entirely yellow to deep golden pollinose, very slightly paler towards para-
frontals ; genae golden yellow pollinose ; facialia blackish brown near vibrissae and on inner
parts, more reddish yellow on facial ridges themselves, with thin whitish pollinosity ; epistome
and lower face reddish yellow, upper face with brownish or blackish ground colour thinly obscured
by whitish pollinosity ; postorbits silvery white pollinose ; occiput blackish with dark green
metallic tinge, thinly covered with whitish pollinosity. Genal hair yellow or golden orange.
Eyes well separated, frons at narrowest about as wide as third antennal segment, parafrontals
on upper part of frons more or less meeting in mid-line. Crossed frontal setae moderately
strong near lunula but becoming very fine, short and hair-like towards anterior ocellus, para-
frontals near anterior ocellus with some fine hairs more or less in continuation with crossed
frontal hairs. Gena narrow, 0-16-0-17 °f eye-height. Parafacial at mid-point about twice
as wide as third antennal segment or slightly less. Antennae dark reddish brown, third segment
5-1-5-5 times as long as second segment and falling short of mouth-margin by about two-fifths
of its length. Palpi reddish yellow. Thorax : dark green or bluish green, mesonotum some-
times with coppery tinge and scutellum sometimes more bluish. White pollen on mesonotum
very thin and inconspicuous except marginally, most of scutum with scarcely any trace of white
pollinosity except for usual patches in areas of supra-alar setae and these not forming white
spots conspicuous- to naked eye (cf. semiauriceps) . Wings : with a faint but definite yellowish
brown tinge, due mainly to slight yellowish infuscation along veins. Legs : mid tibia with two
strong ad setae, proximal one very distinct. Abdomen : shining dark green, blue green or blue
with traces of violet colour. T3 without definite white pollinosity on dorsum of T3, with only
very faintest traces visible from behind. T3 without median marginal setae. Hair of T3 and
T4 entirely recumbent, that of T5 long fine and erect. <$ hypopygium as in figs. 44 and 47.
Measurements : body length n-8 mm. (range 11-2-12-9 mm.), wing length 9-6 mm. (range
8-9-10-6 mm.) [3 specimens].

$. Differing from <£ in having parafrontals and upper third or half of parafacials silvery white
pollinose ; extreme upper ends of parafrontals sometimes very thinly pollinose and appearing
metallic dark green. Gena 0-22-0-25 of eye-height. Antennae very elongate, third segment
6-5-7-0 times as long as second segment and falling short of mouth-margin by about a third of
its length or a little less. Vertex only about half (0-48-0-55) as wide as one eye viewed from
above. Parafacial at mid-point about two and a half times as wide as third antennal segment.
Mid tibia with two strong ad setae, sometimes a small third ad seta in addition nearer the base.
Measurements : body length 13-3 mm. (range 12-4-14-2 mm.), wing length 11-4 mm. (range
10-4-12-3 mm.) [8 specimens].

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Lectotype <£, ARU ISLANDS : (A. R. Wallace) ; para-
lectotypes : 2 $$, data as for lectotype.

ARU ISLANDS : i <$, 3 $?, Am Islands (no other data) (ex coll. Bigot, B.M. Nat.
Hist.) ; i c£, 3 $$, Aru Islands, 1911 (Elger, W. W. Froggatt coll. )(Div. Ent. Mus.
Canberra). Last four specimens are those already recorded in the literature by
Paramonov (1957) from Aru Islands.

In addition two specimens have been seen whose identity is doubtful, but which
I tentatively associate with macularis. The data are : 2 $$, NEW GUINEA : Bivak
(= Biak) Island, xii.igog and 1.1910 (Lorentz) (B.M. Nat. Hist, and Rijksmus.
Leiden) ; these two females differ from typical macularis from the Aru Islands by
having more distinctly reddish antennae and paler yellow genae, by the possession
of a small pd seta on the fore tibia (absent in all other Paramenia seen), by the slightly
shorter antennae with third segment 6-o-6'2 times as long as second, by very
slightly broader gena and vertex and slightly narrower parafacials. They may
represent a new species, but for the present there is insufficient evidence of this.

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE

133

Distribution : Only certainly known to occur in Am Islands. All material
recorded by earlier authors from Australia as P. macularis belongs to P. semiauriceps.

AFFINITIES. Probably closest to P. divitiosa (Walker), to judge from similarity
of structural proportions of head, but superficially much more closely resembling
P. semiauriceps Brauer and Bergenstamm. P. macularis is easily distinguished
from P. divitiosa by the extent of yellow coloration on the parafacials (all yellow in
$, half or two-thirds yellow in $) ; differences from P. semiauriceps are discussed
under this species.

49

so

FIGS. 49 and 50. £ head in facial view of (49) Paramenia semiauriceps Brauer and
Bergenstamm and (50) Paramenia macularis (Walker).

Paramenia semiauriceps Brauer and Bergenstamm, i
(Text-fig. 49)

Paramenia semiauriceps Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1889, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 56 :
151, 171. Holotype ?, AUSTRALIA (citation of New Zealand by Brauer and Bergenstamm,
op. cit. p. 171 in error). In the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna.

DIAGNOSIS. <$ eyes separated by width of third antennal segment, parafacials
entirely yellow and gena two-sevenths of eye-height ; $ mid tibia with two or
three ad setae, upper half of parafacial silvery white, gena one-third of eye-height.

6*. Head : Interfrontal area red-brown. Paraf rentals bright yellow pollinose ; parafacials
and genae bright yellow or golden yellow pollinose ; facialia mainly pale to dark reddish brown,
sometimes slightly blackish near vibrissae, with thin white pollinosity, more reddish yellow with
yellow pollinosity on outer facial ridges ; epistome and lower face reddish yellow, upper face
more reddish to blackish brown under a thin covering of whitish pollinosity ; postorbits white
or silvery white pollinose, sometimes very slightly creamy white ; occiput black with thin white
pollinosity. Genal hair bright yellow. Eyes distinctly separated, frons at narrowest point as

i34 R- w- CROSSKEY

wide as or slightly wider than third antennal segment, upper parafrontals meeting one another
in mid-line and upper part of interf rental area therefore completely occluded. Cruciate frontal
setae rather weak, becoming very weak and hair-like towards anterior ocellus but reaching more
or less to level of latter. Eye unusually short and gena correspondingly broad, gena in profile
0-27-0-29 of eye-height. Parafacial very conspicuously widening ventrally towards gena, at
mid-point two and a half or three times as wide as third antennal segment. Antennae very
dark reddish brown or blackish brown, third segment only 4-0-4-4 times as long as second seg-
ment and falling short of mouth-margin by about three-quarters of its length. Palpi brownish
yellow. Thorax : usually dark green, sometimes with coppery reflections, but sometimes
bluish green ; scutellum often more distinctly blue than mesonotum, and sometimes violet blue.
Mesonotum with general covering of white pollinosity extremely thin and inconspicuous, but
scutum on each side in area of supra-alar setae with an elongate densely white pollinose spot
which is very conspicuous to naked eye and sharply denned. Wings : clear hyaline. Legs:
almost always with only one isolated ad seta, very occasionally with a second much smaller
seta nearer the base. Abdomen : from shining dark green, sometimes with reddish copper
tinge, to violet blue, often more distinctly blue than thorax ; ventral surface usually rather blue
in specimens with green dorsum and violet in specimens with blue dorsum. Dorsum of T3
hardly at all pollinose, only with very thinnest traces in some lights. T3 without median
marginal setae. Hair of mid dorsum of T3 and T4 very short and semi-erect or erect, only
recumbent dorsally on sides of these tergites ; hair of T5 fine and erect. 6* hypopygium very
similar to that of P. macularis (Text-figs. 44 and 47). Measurements : body length 12-1 mm.
(range 10-0-13-9 mm.), wing length n-o mm. (range 9-4-12-3 mm.) [12 specimens].

°.. Differing from $ in having parafrontals and upper half of parafacials silvery white.
Gena unusually broad, 0-31-0-35 of eye-height. Antennae with third segment 5-4-6-2 times
as long as second segment and falling short of mouth-margin by nearly half the length of third
segment. Vertex slightly broader than in other species, 0-59-0-66 of width of one eye viewed
from above. Parafacial at mid-point about three times as wide as third antennal segment.
Mid tibia with two strong ad setae, sometimes with a third much smaller ad seta nearer the base.
Measurements : body length 12-5 mm. (range 10-4-14-5 mm.), wing length 10-6 mm. (range
8-7-12-2 mm.) [12 specimens].

MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype $, AUSTRALIA : Port Denison, 1868 (Thorey).

AUSTRALIA : i $, Queensland, Hayman Island, i8.x.i95o (R. Dobson) (Div. Ent.
Mus. Canberra) ; i <$, Queensland, Eidsvold (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; I $, Queensland,
Eidsvold, x.i929-iv.i930 (T. L. Bancroft] (Div. Ent. Mus. Canberra) ; i $, Queensland
Eidsvold (Div. Ent. Mus. Canberra) ; i $, Queensland, Burpengarry (T. L. Bancroft]
(B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <£, i ?, Queensland, Mt. Gravatt, 28.^.1916 (T. BatcMor] (B.M.
Nat. Hist.) ; i ?, Queensland, Stanthorpe, 26.x. 1926 (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i $,
Queensland, Mt. Gravatt, 19.^.1915 (T. Batchelor] (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <j>, Queensland,
Botanic Gardens, 9^.1916 (H. Jarvis] (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i <$, Queensland, Tweed
Hds., 9.xi.i9io (Batchelor] (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; 2 <$<$, Queensland, Stradbroke, 2O.ix.
1915 (/. C. Bridwdl] (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i $, Queensland, Stradbroke Island, 5.xii.
1913 (H. Hacker] (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; i $, n $$, Queensland, Yeppoon, 28.iii.i95o
(/. F. B. Common) (Div. Ent. Mus. Canberra) ; 3 $9> Queensland, Yeppoon, 28.iii.
1950 (I. F. B. Common) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; 2 &£, Queensland, Yeppoon, 20 & 27.xii.
1961 (I. F. B. Common) (Div. Ent. Mus. Canberra) ; 2 $$, Fairy Bower, Rock-
hampton, 15^.1962 (I. F. B. Common) (Div. Ent. Mus. Canberra) ; i <#, Olsen's
Caves, 13 mis. N. of Rockhampton, 25.iii. 1950 (/. F. B. Common) (Div. Ent. Mus.
Canberra) ; i <J, 2 ?$, Queensland, Palm Is., 20.xii.i93O-6.i.i93i (/. M. Mackerras]
(Div. Ent. Mus. Canberra) ; i $, Queensland, Palm Is., 20.xii. 1930-6.1.1931 (/. M.

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 135

Mackerras) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; I <?, Queensland, Palm Is., xii.igsi (Mackerras)
(Div. Ent. Mus. Canberra) ; i $, Queensland, Wallaville, 1933 (Div. Ent. Mus.
Canberra) ; i $, New South Wales, Gooranbong, 26.11.1950 (B. McMillan) (B.M.
Nat. Hist.) ; i ?, New South Wales, Collaroy, 2.1.1959 (K. R. Norris) (Div. Ent.
Mus. Canberra) ; 2 $$, New South Wales, Sydney (Bridwell) (U.S. Nat. Mus.) ;
i £ New South Wales, Toronto, Filmer (Health Dept.) (B.M. Nat. Hist.) ; i ?,
labelled ' N. Holl.' [=Australia], ex coll. Bigot (B.M. Nat. Hist.).

In addition to the foregoing material one specimen has been seen which is larger
than typical semiauriceps and, although a 9, has only a single isolated ad seta on
middle tibia. This specimen is tentatively assigned to semiauriceps ; the data are :
i $, Queensland, Byfield, 22.1.1961 (/. F. B. Common) (Div. Ent. Mus. Canberra).

Distribution : P. semiauriceps is confined to eastern Australia, where it occurs
most commonly in southern Queensland ; a few specimens are known from New
South Wales, and Paramonov (1957) has recorded a specimen — under the name P.
macularis — from Elsternwick, Victoria. P. semiauriceps appears to be absent from
northern Queensland, and to be replaced in the Kuranda area by P. angustifrons
sp. n. ; the most northerly known localities of P. semiauriceps in Queensland are
the off-shore islands, Hayman, Magnetic and Palm Island, and on the Queensland
mainland P. semiauriceps is not yet known further north than Yeppoon (23° 05' S.).

Australian specimens of Paramenia recorded by Malloch (i928a) and Paramonov
(1957) as P. macularis are all P. semiauriceps, and specimens recorded as semiauriceps
by Engel (1925) and Enderlein (1936) from localities outside Australia belong to
other species.

Brauer and Bergenstamm (1889, p. 171) cited New Zealand as the type-locality
of semiauriceps in the original description, but this is clearly an inadvertant error as
on an earlier page (op. cit. p. 151), where the generic description of Paramenia is
given, they correctly cite ' Neuholland ' (= Australia).

AFFINITIES. P. semiauriceps is close to, and superficially extremely similar to,
P. macularis (with which it was synonymised by Malloch, ig28a) ; however the
differences indicated in the foregoing key to species are constant and of some mag-
nitude and justify the recognition of two distinct species, at least for the present.
In addition to the differences in the eye size, width of gena, length of antennae, width
of parafacial and width of vertex, the following differences between macularis and
semiauriceps should be noted : in semiauriceps the wings are clear hyaline, but in
macularis have a faint though distinct yellowish brown tinge ; in semiauriceps the
white pollinose lateral spots on the scutum are very boldly marked and obvious to
the naked eye, whereas in macularis they are only faintly indicated and very in-
definite to naked eye ; in the £ of semiauriceps the hair in the mid dorsum of ab-
dominal tergites 3 and 4 is very distinctly erect or semi-erect while in macularis
all hair on the tergites is recumbent ; in <$ semiauriceps there is only one ad seta on
the mid tibia (exceptionally a second very small ad seta) while in all £ macularis
seen there are two strong ad setae on mid tibia (character possibly not constant) ;
in semiauriceps the epistome is distinctly longer and slightly more prominent than

136

R. W. CROSSKEY

in macularis and the vibrissae therefore conspicuously further from the mouth-
margin than in macularis.

The unusually broad gena and relatively short eye distinguish semiauriceps from
all the other species.

Paramenia sp. indet.

Three female specimens of Paramenia have been seen which cannot be reliably
assigned to any of the foregoing species, and which may represent a new species ;
at present it is premature to describe these as new, especially in the absence of
associated males, but the characters by which they differ from P. angustifrons sp. n.,
the most similar species, are indicated below.

Colour blue (not distinctly purple as in angustifrons) and genae and lower para-
facials very intensely golden ; gena slightly broader and eye shorter in profile, gena
0-26-0-28 of eye-height (0-21-0-23 in angustifrons) ; vertex 0-61 as wide as one eye
viewed from above (0-55-0-59 in angustifrons) ; antennae slightly shorter, third
segment 4-6-4-8 times as long as second segment (5-0-5-1 in angustifrons}. In other
respects very similar to P. angustifrons sp. n. and agreeing with this species in having
in the female only one strong isolated ad seta on mid tibia (in P. semiauriceps
always at least two such setae in female) .

Data of the specimens are 3 $$, AUSTRALIA : Queensland, 14 mis. N.W. of
Brisbane, 27.xii.ig5g (R. Straatman) (Div. Ent. Mus. Canberra and B.M. Nat. Hist.)

A- APPROXIMATE LIMITS OF AMEN! INI
P- APPROXIMATE LIMITS OF PARAMENIINI

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 137

SUMMARY OF REVISED CLASSIFICATION OF AMENIINE FLIES

Names in synonymy indented : T.-S. = type-species of genus having priority.
Family CALLIPHORIDAE Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1889
Subfamily AMENIINAE Brauer and Bergenstamm,
Tribe AMENIINI Brauer and Bergenstamm,

Genus SILBOMYIA Macquart, 1843

STILBOMYIA Agassiz, 1846

MEGALOPREPES Bigot, 1859 sYn- n-

SPINTHEMYIA Bigot, 1859
albonotata (Bigot, 1859) comb. n.

prospera (Walker, 1860) syn. n.

nitidissima Vollenhaven, 1863 syn. n.
philippinensis sp. n.
fulgida (Bigot, 1859)
sumba sp. n.
palawana sp. n.
parvula Baranov, 1938
minor Malloch, 1930
timorensis sp. n.

fuscipennis (Fabricius, 1805) T.-S.
mackerrasi sp. n.
latigena Enderlein, 1936
sauteri Enderlein, 1936

sauteri var. viridis Enderlein, 1936
hoeneana Enderlein, 1936
asiatica sp. n.
metallica sp. n.
Genus PLATYTROPESA Macquart, 1851

LIOSTIRIA Enderlein, 1936 syn. n.
auriceps Macquart, 1851 T.-S.

opulenta (Walker, 1859) syn. n.

decrescens (Walker, 1864) syn. n.
dubia (Malloch, 1935) comb. n.

ralumensis (Enderlein, 1936) syn. n.
simulans sp. n.
Genus STILBOMYELLA Malloch, 1935

DOLESCHALLIUS Enderlein, 1936 syn. n.
nigrocostalis (Doleschall, 1858) comb. n.

gloriosa (Walker, 1859) syn. n.

costalis (Walker, 1860) syn. n.

diffusa (Walker, 1861) syn. n.
nitens Malloch, 1935 T.-S.

138 R. W. CROSSKEY

Genus PARAPLATYTROPESA gen. n.

rieki (Paramonov, 1957) comb. n. T.-S.

Genus AM EN I A Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

PTYLOSTYLUM Macquart, 1851

NEOAMENIA Malloch, 1930 syn. n.

CHAETAMENIA Enderlein, 1936 syn. n.
sexpunctata Malloch, 1933

imperialis imperialis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 T.-S.
imperialis dubitalis Malloch, 1927 stat. n.

latifrons (Enderlein, 1936) syn. n.
leonina leonina (Fabricius, 1775)

stictica Engel, 1925
leonina albomaculata (Macquart, 1851) stat. n.

leonina enderleini Paramonov, 1957 syn. n.
longicornis (Malloch, 1930)
chrysame (Walker, 1849)

varia (Walker, 1852) syn. n.

parva Schiner, 1868

Genus FORMOSIOMIMA Enderlein, 1936

nigromaculata (Malloch, 1927) comb, n., T.-S.
imitatrix Enderlein, 1936 syn. n.

Tribe PARAMENIINI Enderlein, 1936

Genus PARAMENIA Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1889

CALLIPHOROPSIS Townsend, 1915
angustifrons sp. n.
divitiosa (Walker, 1864) comb. n.
macularis (Walker, 1859)
semiauriceps Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1889 T.-S.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

It gives me great pleasure to thank the following specialists for their kindness in
lending me types and other material from their respective Museum collections :
Dr. M. Beier (Vienna) ; Dr. Donald Colless (Canberra) ; Mr. Willem Ellis (Amster-
dam) ; Mr. V. S. van der Goot (formerly at Leiden) ; Dr. F. Kuhlhorn (Munich) ;
Mr. D. J. Lee (Sydney, S.P.H.T.M.) ; Prof. Dr. E. Lindner (Stuttgart) ; Dr. S. J.
Paramonov (Canberra) ; Dr. G. Petersen (Berlin, D.E.I.) ; Mr. Curtis Sabrosky
(Washington) ; Dr. H. Schumann (Berlin) ; Mr. E. Taylor (Oxford) ; and Dr. S.
L. Tuxen (Copenhagen).

I am most grateful also to Dr. L. Tsacas of the Museum National d'Histoire
Naturelle, Paris for comparing specimens with Macquart's types in that Museum,
and to Mr. Curtis Sabrosky for information on a type-specimen in the United States
National Museum.

Finally I wish to thank Dr. Bruce McMillan of the School of Public Health and
Tropical Medicine, Sydney, for the gift of a small collection of Australian Ameniinae.

REVISION OF THE AMENIINAE 139

REFERENCES

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BARANOV, N. 1938. Neue Indo-Australische Tachinidae. Bull. ent. Res. 29 : 405-414.
BIGOT, J. 1859. Dipterorum aliquot nova Genera. Rev. Mag. ZooL, Ser. 2, 11 : 303-315.

1892. Catalogue of the Diptera of the Oriental Region. Part III. /. Asiat. Soc. Beng.

61 : 178-236.

BRAUER, F. 1898. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Muscaria Schizometopa. 5. B. Akad. Wiss.

Wien 107 : 493-546.
BRAUER, F. and BERGENSTAMM, J. E. von. 1889. Die Zweifliigler des Kaiserlichen Museums

zu Wien. IV. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographic der Muscaria Schizometopa (exclusive

Anthomyidae) . Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 46 : 69-180.

- 1891. Die Zweifliigler des Kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien. V. Vorarbeiten zu einer
Monographic der Muscaria Schizometopa (exclusive Anthomyidae). Pars II. Denkschr.
Akad. Wiss. Wien 58 : 305-446.

1893. Die Zweifliigler des Kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien. VI. Vorarbeiten zu einer

Monographic der Muscaria Schizometopa (exclusive Anthomyidae). Pars III. Denkschr.
Akad. Wiss. Wien 60 : 89-240.

DOLESCHALL, C. L. 1858. Derde Bijdrage tot de Kennis der Dipteren Fauna van Nederlandsch

Indie. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Ind. 17 : 73-128.
EMDEN, F. I. van 1950. Dipterous parasites of Coleoptera. Ent. mon. Mag. 86 : 182-206.

- 1953. Host-selection and systematic position of Ameniini (Diptera). Ent. mon. Mag.
89 : 120.

ENDERLEIN, G. 1936. Klassifikation der Rutiliinen. Verdff. dtsch. KolonMus. Bremen 1 :

397-446.

ENGEL, E. O. 1925. Ober Rutiliidae sensu lat. (Dipt.). Zoo/. Jb. 50 : 339-376.
FABRICIUS, J. C. 1775. Systema Entomologiae. 832 pp. Flensburgi et Lipsiae.

- 1794. Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta, 4. 472pp. Copenhagen.

- 1805. Systema Antliatorum. 372 pp. Brunsvigae.

HALL, D. G. 1948. The Blowflies of North America. 477 pp. Thomas Say Foundation,

Lafayette.
HARDY, G. H. 1929. On the type locality of certain flies described by Macquart in " Dipteres

Exotiques ", Supplement four. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 54 : 61-64.

- 1938. Notes on Australian Muscoidea III. Dexiinae, Phasiinae, some Tachininae and
Appendix. Proc. roy. Soc. Qd 49 : 53-70.

- 1951. The host of Ameniinae (Dipt., Tachinidae). Ent. mon. Mag. 87 : 96.
HERTING, B. 1957. Das weibliche postabdomen der calyptraten Fliegen (Diptera) und sein

merkmalswert fur die Systematik der Gruppe. Z. Morph. Okol. Tiere 45 : 429-461.
HUTTON, F. W. 1873. List of the insects recorded as having been found in New Zealand
previous to the year 1870. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 6 : 158-182.

- 1 88 1. Catalogue of the New Zealand Diptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera ; with descriptions
of the species. 132 pp. Government Printer, Wellington.

- 1900. Synopsis of the Diptera Brachycera of New Zealand. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 1900 :

1-95-
ILLINGWORTH, J. F. 1921. Natural enemies of sugar-cane beetles in Queensland. Bull. Bur.

Sug. Exp. Stns Qd Div. Ent. No. 13, 47 pp.
MACQUART, J. i843a. Dipteres Exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. 2, pt. 3. Mim. Soc.

Sci. Lille, 1842 : 162-460.

- i843b. Ibid, reprinted with pagination 5-304.

- 1 85 1 a. Dipteres Exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Supplement 4. Mim. Soc. Sci.
Lille, 1850 : 134-289.

- i85ib. Ibid, reprinted with pagination 161-364.

MALLOCH, J. R. 1927. Notes on Australian Diptera. XII. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 52 :
336-353-

I4o R. W. CROSSKEY

MALLOCH, J. R. igaSa. Notes on Australian Diptera. XV. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 53: 319-335.

- igaSb. Notes on Australian Diptera. XVII. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 53 : 598-617.

1929. Notes on Australian Diptera. XX. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 54 : 283-343.

- 1930. Notes on Australian Diptera. XXIII. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55 : 92-135.

1933- Notes on Australian Diptera. XXXIII. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 58 : 74-79.

1935- The Diptera of the Territory of New Guinea. III. Families Muscidae and

Tachinidae. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 60 : 74-78.

MKSNIL, L. P. 1939. Essai sur les Tachinaires. 67 pp. Paris.

1944- In Lindner, Flieg. Palaearkt. Reg. 64g. Lief. 153 : 1-48.

OSTEN SACKEN, C. R. 1881. Enumeration of the Diptera of the Malay Archipelago collected

by Prof. Odoardo Beccari, Mr. L. M. D'Albertis and others. Annali Mus. civ. Stor. nat.

Giacomo Doria 16 : 393-492.
PARAMONOV, S. J. 1957. Notes on Australian Diptera (XXIII). Notes on some Australian

Ameniini (Tachinidae, Diptera). Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (12) 10 : 52-62.
ROBINEAU-DESVOIDY, J. B. 1830. Essai sur les Myodaires. Mem. pvis. Acad. Sci., Paris

2 : 1-813.

SCHINER, J. R. 1868. Diptera in Reise Novara, Zool. 2. 388 pp.
SENIOR WHITE, R., AUBERTIN, D., & SMART, J. 1940. Diptera Vol. VI, Calliphoridae in

Fauna of British India, including the remainder of the Oriental Region. 288 pp. London.
TOWNSEND, C. H. T. 1915. Proposal of new Muscoid genera for old species. Proc. biol. Soc.

Wash. 28 : 19-23.

1931- Notes on Old-World Oestromuscoid types. Part I. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10)

8 : 369-391.

1935- Manual of Myiology, 2. 296 pp. Sao Paulo.

1937. Manual of Myiology, 5. 234 pp. Sao Paulo.

1942. Manual of Myiology, 12. 365 pp. Sao Paulo.

VOLLENHOVEN, S. C. SNELLEN VAN. 1863. Beschrijving van eenige nieuwe soorten van Diptera.

Versl. med. K. Akad. wetensch. 15 : 8-18.
WALKER, F. 1849. List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the British

Museum, 4 : 689-1172.

- 1852. Insecta Saundersiana, I. Diptera, pt.iv. : 253-414.

1859. Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected in the Aru Islands by Mr. A. R.

Wallace, with descriptions of new species. Proc. Linn. Soc. Land. (Zool.) 3 : 77-131.

i86oa. Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected at Makessar in Celebes, by Mr. A. R.

Wallace; with descriptions of new species. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool). 4 : 90-172.

i86ob. Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected in Amboyna by Mr. A. R. Wallace,

with descriptions of new species. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 5 : 144-168.

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at Tidon in Celebes, by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with descriptions of new species. Proc. Linn.
Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 5 : 270-303.

1864. Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected in Waigiou, Mysol, and North Ceram

by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with descriptions of new species. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.)
7 : 202-238.

WIEDEMANN, C. R. W. 1830. Aussereuropdische zweiflugelige Insekten, 2. 684 pp. Hamm.
WULP, F. M. VAN DER. 1896. Catalogue of the described Diptera from South Asia. 219 pp.

The Hague.
ZUMPT, F. 1956. Calliphoridae (Diptera Cyclorrhapha) Part I : Calliphorini and Chry-

somyiini in Explor. Pare. nat. Albert Miss de Witte 87 : 200 pp.

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
BY THOMAS DE LA RUE A
COMPANY LIMITED LONDON

A REVISION OF THE NODI
AND A KEY TO THE GENERA
EUMOLPIDAE OF AFRICA
(COLEOPTERA : EUMOLPIDAE)

B. J. SELMAN

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 16 No. 3

LONDON: 1965

A REVISION OF THE NODINI
AND A KEY TO THE GENERA OF

EUMOLPIDAE OF AFRICA
(COLEOPTERA : EUMOLPIDAE)

BY

B. J. SELMAN y I

Dept. of Agricultural Zoology, University, Newcastle-on-Tyne

V_x

Pp. 141-174 ; 27 Text-figures

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 16 No. 3

LONDON: 1965

THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM

(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical Series.

Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.

In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer
papers was instituted, numbered serially for each
Department.

This paper is Vol. 16, No. 3 of the Entomological
series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow
those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.

Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 1965

TRUSTEES OF
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Issued 23 August, 1965 Price Fourteen Shillings

A REVISION OF THE NODINI AND A KEY

TO THE GENERA OF EUMOLPIDAE OF AFRICA

(COLEOPTERA : EUMOLPIDAE)

By B. J. SELMAN

CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION ........... 143

THE TRIBAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE EUMOLPIDAE .... 144

REVISION OF THE TRIBE NODINI ........ 145

Redefinition of the genera of the tribe Nodini . . . . .146

Index to the taxonomic changes in the tribe Nodini . . . .160

EUMOLPINI ........... 164

ADOXINI ............ 166

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE EUMOLPIDAE OF AFRICA . . .167

APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . .172

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . 173

REFERENCES ........... 173

SYNOPSIS

The genera of the Eumolpidae of the Ethiopian region are revised and the tribes defined.
In the tribe Nodini the genera are redefined and the species are revised. A key is given to the
African genera of the Eumolpidae. An appendix is included listing some of the taxonomic
changes of the Madagascan species necessitated by the present work.

INTRODUCTION

THE Eumolpidae is a large chrysomeloid family. Sixty-four genera, containing a
very large number of species, are found on the mainland of Africa south of the
Sahara Desert. They are commonest in tropical forest and on trees and shrubs
in the more thickly wooded savannas. Thus they are often serious pests of planta-
tion crops, e.g. coffee, cocoa, tea and cotton. All the larvae found up to the present
time are root feeders.

Few studies have been made on the African genera since the works of Lefevre,
Baly and Chapuis, though large numbers of new species have been described. The
present work began as an attempt to produce a key to the African genera, and the
tribe Nodini was found to be hopelessly confused and in need of complete revision.

In this paper a key has been made to sixty-three of the African genera, excluding
Angoleumolpus Pic (1938). Only one species from this genus has been found. This
was described by Pic but has unfortunately proved to belong to a different tribe
from that indicated by the generic description. The present work is based mainly
on the extensive collections of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), supplemented by
loans of generic type-species from other museums. In the tribe Nodini, where
wholesale movement of species from one genus to another has been necessary, only
those species which have been seen by the author have been moved. This represents

i44 B. J. SELMAN

sixty-five per cent of the total described African species. Since many of the
remaining species are probably synonymous with those seen by the author, the per-
centage of unseen species will be still lower.

The zoogeographical area studied is that of the mainland of Africa south of the
Sahara Desert and excluding the offshore islands, e.g. Madagascar. The islands
have been omitted because in most cases the genera are different from those of the
mainland.

Only those species seen by the author are listed under the genera.

FIGS. 1-6. i. Menius ; 2. Sarum, side view of left eye and base of the antenna ; e, eye ;
c, constriction of the basal segment of the antenna ; s, sulcus above the eye ; a, setose
crescent-shaped area. 3. Gabberella ; 4. Rhembastus ; 5. Paraivongius, left anterior
view of the side of the prothorax ; as, anterior seta ; epst, episternum ; 1st, lateral arms
of the sternum ; pr, pronotum. 6. Microeurydemus, left anterior leg, front view ; f,
femur ; t, tibia.

THE TRIBAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE EUMOLPIDAE

The African genera have been divided into four tribes in place of the seventeen
found in the Junk Coleopterorum Catalogue (Clavareau, 1914). This follows the

REVISION OF NODINI 145

system used by Chen (1940) and Gressitt and Kimoto (1961) for the genera of China.
It has been found to produce by far the most satisfactory premier division of the
family.

Tribe Nodini

This tribe is a very natural one, containing a complex of eighteen genera with the
following characters : i.prothorax trans verse ; 2. the mid and hind tibia emarginate ;
3. the elytra with punctures in regular longitudinal rows, except in a few aberrant
species ; and 4. body very rarely pubescent.

Tribe Eumolpini

This tribe is less distinct and contains fourteen genera with the following
characters : i. prothorax transverse ; 2. neither mid nor hind tibiae emarginate.
Some of these genera are pubescent and some have species which are pubescent and
others which are not.

Tribe Adoxini

This tribe is an assemblage of twenty-nine somewhat diverse genera. It is the
least natural of the 4 tribes, comprising several strongly divergent or convergent
groups having the following characters : i. prothorax cylindrical or sub-cylindrical
and frequently lacking a margin ; 2. usually heavily pubescent, the setae often
broadened and scale-like.

Tribe Colaspoidini

This tribe is poorly represented in Africa, containing only two genera. These
have the following characters : i. prothorax cylindrical ; 2. the pygidium with a
distinct median longitudinal groove.

REVISION OF THE TRIBE NODINI

The generic concepts within the other three tribes of the Eumolpidae were found
to be workable. The tribe Nodini was, however, in need of a major revision, as
the original generic descriptions were often inadequate and many species had been
added which differed from the generic descriptions and type-species. The genera
have been completely regiouped around the type-species and redefined. This has
resulted in the wholesale transfer of large numbers of species from one genus to
another.

In the past, many species from Madagascar have been placed in genera described
from Africa and vice versa. It is rare for a Chrysomelid genus to occur in both
Africa and Madagascar. Thus Syagrus Chapuis is almost certainly confined to
Africa and Pheloticus Harold to Madagascar (Appendix). The Madagascan species
at present placed in the genera Eurydemus Baly, Menius Chapius and Rhembastus
Harold clearly do not possess the characters of these genera. However, the
Madagascan species are left in these genera until the Eumolpidae of Madagascar
are revised. It is suggested that a detailed study of the Madagascan genera of the

146 B. J. SELMAN

tribe Nodini would produce a complete generic separation of the Madagascan and
African species.

REDEFINITION OF THE GENERA OF THE TRIBE NODINI

CHIRIDEA Baly

(Text-fig. 7)

Chiridea Baly, 1878 : 253. Type-species : Chiridea chapuisi Baly, 1878 [Sierra Leone].
This is a monotypic genus.

Length : less than 3 mm. Head : sutures very indistinct ; eyes protuberant, and very wide
apart, with a narrow sulcus above, antennae filiform, reaching half-way down the elytra.
Thorax : pronotum just broader than long, disc highly convex, edges strongly convex and
multiserrate, anterior margin of the lateral arms of the prosternum flat or concave, legs with the
front femora with a small ventral tooth, the tibiae short and the claws appendiculate. Elytra :
broader near the apex than at the base, heavily punctate-striate, intervals highly convex,
except in the depression immediately behind the basal area and humeral callus, where they
are flat.

This monotypic genus and Colposcelis are the only two genera of the tribe Nodini
with appendiculate claws. Chiridea differs from Colposcelis in having the sides
of the pronotum multiserrate and the elytra broader near the apex than at the base.
In Colposcelis the pronotum has a single tooth on the sides and the elytra approxi-
mately parallel-sided.

COLPOSCELIS Dejean

(Text-fig. 8)

Colposcelis Dejean, 1837 : 408. Type-species : Colaspis viridiaenea Gyllenhal, 1808 [East Indies,

Ceylon].

Pagria Lefevre, 1884 : 67. Type-species : Pagria suturalis Lefevre, 1884 [East Africa].
Aphthonesthis Weise, 1895 : 329. Type-species : Aphthonesthis concinna Weise, 1895 [West

Africa], syn. n.

Length : less than 5 mm. Head : heavily punctured, sutures either very distinct or
indistinct ; eyes protuberant and very wide apart, with a prominent suture above ; antennae
filiform and reaching half-way down the elytra. Thorax : pronotum heavily punctured, disc
highly convex, edges strongly curved and usually with a single tooth half to one third of the
way from the base, anterior edges of the lateral arms of the prosternum flat or concave ; legs
elongated, tibiae very slim, claws appendiculate. Elytra : sides approximately parallel,
punctures deep, intervals raised or flat.

This mainly Indian genus seems generally to have been overlooked in Africa,
where many of its species were described in other genera. These are now transferred
to Colposcelis. It is probable that many more species, especially from central
Africa, remain to be described. Colposcelis and Chiridea are the only two African
genera in the tribe Nodini with appendiculate claws. Colposcelis differs from
Chiridea in having the sides of the pronotum with a single tooth and the elytra with
parallel sides.

REVISION OF NODINI 147

Species examined : —

Colposcelis cameruense (Jacoby) comb. n. for Aphthonesthis cameruense Jacoby.

C. concinna (Weise) comb. n. for Aphthonesthis concinna Weise.

C. gossypii (Bryant).

C. liturata (Lefevre).

C. mahembensis n.n. for Eurydemus suturalis Bryant, 1956 nee Lefevre, 1884.

C. nigrosuturatus (Bryant) comb. n. for Eurydemus nigrosuturatus Bryant.

C. porosicollis (Jacoby) comb. n. for Eurydemus porosicollis Jacoby.

C. suturalis (Lefevre).

C. varians (Lefevre).

AMBLYNETES Weise

(Text-fig. 9)

Amblynetes Weise, 1904 : 41. Type-species : Amblynetes bottegoi (Jacoby), 1899 [Somaliland] .
This is a monotypic genus.

Body elongate. Length : 5-6 mm. Head : inserted into the prothorax, heavily granulate,
sutures indistinct ; eyes not protuberant, a narrow suture above ; antennae stout, reaching
just less than half-way down the elytra, terminal eight segments slightly expanded, third
segment twice as long as second segment, first segment globular. Thorax : pronotum with
surface heavily granulate, obscuring the punctures, cylindrical, lightly margined, the edges
little curved, anterior setae arising just above the level of the lateral margin of the pronotum,
anterior edges of the lateral arms of the prosternum concave, not continuous with the rest of
the prosternum ; legs stout, front femora each with a large ventral tooth, tibiae longer than
the femora and heavily ridged, claws bifid. Elytra : parallel-sided, elongate, punctures small,
close together and shallow, almost obscured by the intense granulation of the intervals.

The genus Amblynetes contains one highly distinctive species, characterized by
the very heavily granulate surface of the head, pronotum and elytra, the lateral
arms of the prosternum with the anterior edge convex and the antennae with the
third segment twice as long as the second segment.

PSEUDIVONGIUS Jacoby
(Text-fig. 10)

Pseudivongius Jacoby, 1897 : 546. Type-species : Pseudivongius natalensis Jacoby, 1897
[South Africa].

Length : less than 3 mm. Head : inserted into the prothorax, sutures indistinct ; eyes
wide apart and not protuberant, antennae filiform and reaching less than half-way down the
elytra, second and third segments approximately equal in length. Thorax : pronotum with
disc strongly convex, sides lightly convex, margins narrow, the bases of the anterior setae on
a level with the lateral margins of the pronotum, the lateral arms of the prosternum strongly
convex ; legs with the front femora unarmed and tibiae only very lightly ridged. Scutellum :
in the form of an equilateral triangle. Elytra : ovate, the width at the middle 1-5 times as
wide as at the base, punctures large and distinct, the intervals often lightly raised especially
along the sides.

A revision of this genus, including keys to the species, has already been published
(Selman, 1963). Pseudivongius is a highly distinctive genus and is characterized
by the ovate elytra, which are 1-5 times as wide at the middle as at the base, the
unarmed anterior femora and the scutellum in the form of an equilateral triangle.

i48

B. J. SELMAN

10

12

13

14

15

FIGS. 7-16. Outline of the left hand side of the dorsal surface of, 7. Chiridea ; 8.
Colposcelis ; 9. Amblynetes ; 10. Pseudivongius ; n. Microeurydemus ; 12. Liniscus ;
13. Afroeurydemus ; 14. Menius ; 15. Microsyagrus ; and 16. Proliniscus.

REVISION OF NODINI 149

Species examined :—

Pseudivongius aeneus Jacoby. P. lamottei Selman.

P. apicicornis Jacoby. P. natalensis Jacoby.

MICROEURYDEMUS Pic

(Text-figs. 6, n)

Microeurydemus Pic, 1938 : 35. Type-species : Microeurydemus unimaculatus Pic, 1938
[Gaboon] .

Length : less than 5 mm. Head : very heavily punctured, sutures indistinct ; eyes very
large but not protuberant, very close together, heavily emarginate ; antennae filiform and
short, reaching one-quarter the way down the elytra, third segment a little longer than the
second. Thorax : pronotum transverse, flattened dorsoventrally, broadly margined, edge
strongly convex, deeply and closely punctured, anterior edges of the lateral arms of the
prosternum convex ; legs stout, front femora each with a very large tooth, basal width and
height of tooth much greater than the maximum width of the tibiae, tibiae strongly ribbed,
claws bifid. Elytra : elongate, parallel-sided, punctures large, close and distinct, intervals
slightly convex.

Microeurydemus is slightly flattened dorsoventrally resembling Afroeurydemus ,
especially in the head region. Microeurydemus is distinguished by the very large
femoral spines (Text-fig. 6).

Species examined : —

Microeurydemus africanus (Jacoby) comb. n. for Pseudosyagrus africauus Jacoby,
M. semivittatus (Jacoby) comb. n. for Eurydemus semivittatus Jacoby.
M. ongemepres Pic.

LINISCUS Lefevre
(Text-fig. 12)

Liniscus Lefevre, 1885 : 129. Type-species : Liniscus sansibaricus Lefevre, 1885 [Zanzibar].
By present designation.

Body narrow and strongly elongated. Length : less than 5 mm. Head : turned downwards
and hidden by the pronotum, sutures distinct, eyes large and round, close together, their width
as seen from above not less than the distance between the two eyes, a prominent suture
above ; antennae reaching one-third of the way down the elytra, segments short, second and
third segments approximately equal. Thorax : pronotum transverse, maximum width as wide
as the elytra, hood-like, sides strongly margined, edges very convex, disc heavily punctured,
anterior edges of the lateral arms of the prosternum convex ; legs short, anterior tibiae straight,
claws bifid. Elytra : more than 1-4 times as long as wide across the humeri, basal area and
humerus very little raised, sides parallel, punctures deep and close, intervals lightly raised.

Many small elongated species of Nodini were included in the genus Liniscus.
These species had little in common other than their general shape. The majority
of them are now found to belong to other genera and have been transferred. The
genera Liniscus, Afroeurydemus and Microeurydemus are characterized by eyes
which are large and round, the distance between the two eyes being not less than
their individual widths. Liniscus differs from Afroeurydemus in that the pronotum
is hood-like, the legs are short and stout and the elytra are elongate and at least

150 B. J. SELMAN

1-425 times as long as wide across the humeri, and at the suture are more than 2-5
times as long as the hind tibia. In Afroeurydemus the pronotum is not hood-like, the
legs are elongate and stout, the elytra are broad and less than 1-425 times as long as
wide across the humeri, and at the suture are less than 2-5 times as long as the hind
tibia. Microeurydemus is easily distinguished from the other two genera by the
very large femoral spines.
Species examined : —

Liniscus koullmannensis (Selman) comb. n. for Syagrus koullmannensis Selman.
L. sansibavicus Lefevre.

AFROEURYDEMUS gen. n.

(Text-fig. 13)
Type-species : Eurydemus geniculatus Jacoby, 1904 [Beira, E. Africa].

Length : 4-8 mm. Head : inserted little into the prothorax ; frontoclypeus with sides
strongly diverging from posterior to anterior ; eyes very large, when viewed from above each
at least as wide across as they are apart from each other, deeply emarginate, very little covered
by the lateral arms of the prosternum ; antennae variable but with all segments elongate,
segments two and three usually equal in length but segment three may be longer. Thorax :
pronotum transverse and strongly convex, sides rounded and narrowly margined, lightly
narrowing anteriorly and posteriorly, surface smooth or deeply punctured, anterior edges of
the lateral arms of the prosternum convex ; legs elongate, femora stout, front femora each with
a prominent ventral tooth, claws bifid. Elytra : approximately parallel-sided, humerus
prominent, basal area little raised, punctures prominent and often deep, intervals often very
convex.

Afroeurydemus is separated from the Fijian genus Eurydemus Chapuis, 1874 : 333.
Type-species Eurydemus grandis Baly [Fiji]. Eurydemus differs from Afroeurydemus
by the following characters. It is much longer, being greater than n mm. The
head is deeply inserted into the prothorax. The eyes are closer together, almost
touching and partially hidden inside the prothorax. The prothorax has a prosternum
with very small lateral extensions, with the anterodorsal corner far below the margin
of the pronotum. The sides of the pronotum are almost parallel. The elytra
taper slightly posteriorly and their punctures are widely spaced. The anterior
setae of the prothorax lie above the level of the margin of the pronotum, and not
on the anterodorsal corner of the lateral extensions of the prosternum.

All the African species of Eurydemus seen by the author clearly should belong
to the genus Afroeurydemus or other related African genera. It is almost certain
that Eurydemus is a genus restricted to the Fiji Islands and that Afroeurydemus is a
genus restricted to the mainland of Africa.

Species examined :—

Afroeurydemus alluaudi (Lefevre) comb. n. for Syagrus alluaudi Lefevre.
A. armatus (Achard) comb. n. for Eurydemus armatus Achard.
A . bimaculatus (Lefevre) comb. n. for Syagrus bimaculatus Lefevre.
A . bipunctatus (Weise) comb. n. for Syagrus bipunctatus Weise.

Angoleumolpus grandis Pic syn. n.
A. bredoi (Burgeon) comb. n. for Eurydemus bredoi Burgeon.

REVISION OF NODINI 151

A. brevilineatus (Jacoby) comb. n. for Eurydemus brevilineatus Jacoby.
A . caliginosus (Burgeon) comb. n. for Syagrus caliginosus Burgeon.
A. carinatus (Bryant) comb. n. for Syagrus carinatus Bryant.

Eurydemus jansoni Baly syn. n.

A.flavicans (Harold) comb. n. for Eurydemus flavicans Harold.
A . geniculatus (Jacoby) comb. n. for Eurydemus geniculatus Jacoby.
A. ghesquierei (Burgeon) comb. n. for Eurydemus ghesquierei Burgeon.
A . gussfeldi (Karsch) comb. n. for Eurydemus gussfeldi Karsch.
A . holubi (Jacoby) comb. n. for Eurydemus holubi Jacoby.
A . hopei (Bryant) comb. n. for Syagrus hopei Bryant.
A . ituriensis (Weise) comb. n. for Rhembastus ituriensis Weise.
A . jansoni (Baly) comb. n. for Eurydemus jansoni Baly.
A . maculipennis (Jacoby) comb. n. for Eurydemus maculipennis Jacoby.
A. maculosus (Harold) comb. n. for Eurydemus maculosus Harold.
A . marginatus (Jacoby) comb. n. for Eurydemus marginatus Jacoby.
A. nigriceps (Jacoby) comb. n. for Eurydemus nigriceps Jacoby.
A . nigrolimbatus (Ritsema) comb. n. for Syagrus nigrolimbatus Ritsema.
A . nigrostriatus (Jacoby) comb. n. for Syagrus nigrostriatus Jacoby.
A. nubiensis (Harold) comb. n. for Eurydemus nubiensis Harold.

Eurydemus geniculatus Jacoby syn. n.

A . puncticollis (Bryant) comb. n. for Syagrus puncticollis Bryant.
A . quadrimaculatus (Jacoby) comb. n. for Eurydemus quadrimaculatus Jacoby.
A. rufonitens (Thomson) comb. n. for Syagrus rufonitens (Thomson).
A . rufulus (Thomson) comb. n. for Syagrus rufulus Thomson.
A . striatipennis (Lefevre) comb. n. for Syagrus striatipennis Lefevre.
A . vrijdaghi (Burgeon) comb. n. for Eurydemus vrijdaghi Burgeon.

MENIUS Chapuis
(Text-fig. 14)

Menius Chapuis, 1874 : 332. Type-species : Menius lacordairei Chapuis, 1874. [Nigeria].

Brilliant metallic-coloured species. Length : 5-9 mm. Head : inserted into the 'pro thorax ;
sutures very deep ; epicranium projecting forwards and bounded by a huge crescent-shaped
sulcus above the eyes ; eyes large and prominent but not protuberant, wide apart ; antennae
elongate, reaching half-way down the elytra, terminal five segments expanded, basal segment
bulbous. Thorax : pronotum cylindrical with maximum width less than 1-5 times the length
along the mid-line, strongly margined, disc deeply punctured, anterior edges of the lateral
arms of the prosternum strongly convex, anterior setae of the prothorax with bases on a level
with the margin of the pronotum ; legs robust, front femora strongly armed, front tibiae with
distal ends turned outwards and strongly ribbed. Elytra : parallel-sided, humeri prominent,
basal area little raised, punctate-striate but in some species the punctures are confused
particularly on the basal half, intervals flat and glabrous.

The type-species of Menius was found to differ radically from the majority of the
species subsequently placed in the genus. Twenty-four species are now removed
from Menius and placed in other genera. Most of these species have been trans-
ferred to Paraivongius Pic. This leaves a few large elongated insects characterized
by a narrow pronotum, a protuberant epicranium, the eyes with a huge crescent-
shaped sulcus above, the sulcus extending to a point well behind the mid-point of
the eye (Text-fig, i) and the basal segment of the antennae twice as wide as the
second segment.

152 B. J. SELMAN

Species examined : —

Menius conradti Jacoby. M. splendidus Jacoby.

M. lacordairei Chapuis M. subcostatus Jacoby.

MICROSYAGRUS Pic

(Text-fig. 15)
Microsyagrus Pic, 1952 : 507. Type-species : Microsyagrus trinotatus Pic, 1952 [Dahomey].

Length : less than 5 mm. Head : sutures shallow or indistinct ; eyes prominent but not
protuberant, a narrow suture above ; antennae filiform, extending to less than half-way down
the elytra, with the terminal five segments a little stouter than segments three to six, third
segment approximately equal in length to second. Thorax : pronotum transverse and strongly
convex, sides strongly rounded, edges lightly but distinctly margined, anterior setae arising
well below the lateral border of the pronotum, the distance from the base of one anterior seta to
the base of the other approximately equal to the length of the pronotum at the midline, the
anterior edges of the lateral arms of the prosternum convex or slightly convex ; legs elongate,
front femora each with a ventral tooth, tibiae strongly ridged, claws bifid. Elytra : with
distinct and often deep punctures, intervals often slightly convex, parallel-sided, approximately
i -4 times as long at the mid-line as they are wide at the humerus.

Microsyagrus is a very natural genus of small beetles, characterized by the
elongated basal segment of the antennae and the pronotum with the base of the
anterior setae well below the margins. Formerly many of the species were placed
in the genus Syagrus.

Species examined : —

Microsyagrus fulvimanus (Jacoby) comb. n. for Syagrus fulv imanus Jacoby.
M. gossypii (Bryant) comb. n. for Eurydemus gossypii Bryant.
M. insignitus (Jacoby) comb. n. for Syagrus insignitus Jacoby.
M. marshalli n.n. for Syagrus mashonanus Jacoby, 1897, nee Jacoby, 1897.
. M. mashonanus (Jacoby) comb. n. for Liniscus mashonanus Jacoby.
M. rosae (Bryant) comb. n. for Syagrus rosae Bryant.
M. trinotatus Pic.
M. zeae (Burgeon) comb. n. for Liniscus zeae Burgeon.

PROLINISCUS gen. n.

(Text-fig. 16)
Type-species : Liniscus natalensis Lefevre, 1891 [South Africa].

Length : less than 4 mm. Head : inserted into the prothorax, sutures indistinct ; eyes
strongly convex, dorsoventrally elongated, emarginate, wide apart, a narrow sulcus above ;
antennae varying in length, with the basal segment globular, all segments approximately
equal in length. Thorax : cylindrical, pronotum quadrate, slightly wider than long, the lateral
margins convex but never dentate, anterior setae arising on or just below the level of the lateral
margins of the pronotum, the anterior edges of the lateral arms of the prosternum strongly
convex and separated from the remainder of the prosternum ; legs stout and short, front
femora without a ventral tooth, tibiae lightly ridged, claws bifid. Elytra : elongate, parallel-
sided, deeply punctured, interstices flat or very slightly convex.

This genus contains a group of species chaiacterized by a pronotum with shallow
punctures and lateral margins curved but never dentate. Most of the species are

REVISION OF NODINI 153

transferred from the genera Liniscus and Syagrus. Proliniscus differs from these
two genera in not having a hood-like pronotum. Also in Liniscus the width of
the eyes is not less than the distance between the eyes but in Proliniscus the distance
between the eyes is greater than their width.

Species examined : —

Proliniscus antennatus (Jacoby) comb. n. for Syagrus antennatus Jacoby.

P. cylindriformis (Jacoby) comb. n. for Rhembastus cylindriformis Jacoby.

P. dombeyae (Bryant) comb. n. for Liniscus dombeyae Bryant.

P. natalensis (Lefevre) comb. n. for Liniscus natalensis Lefevre.

P. parvulus (Jacoby) comb. n. for Ivongius parvulus Jacoby.

P. puncticollis (Jacoby) comb. n. for Ivongius puncticollis Jacoby.

SYAGRUS Chapuis
(Text-fig. 17)

Syagrus Chapuis, 1874 : 331. Type-species : Syagrus calcaratus (Fabricius), 1775 [Central and
West Africa].

Length : less than 8 mm. Head : often lightly pubescent, inserted into the prothorax,
sutures indistinct and often hidden by very heavy surface sculpture ; eyes flattened, dorso-
ventrally elongated, strongly emarginate, a deep sulcus above ; mandibles short but massive ;
antennae stout, reaching half-way down the elytra, basal segment globular, segment three
twice as long as segment two. Thorax : pronotum globose and hood-like, little wider than
long, a little wider anteriorly than posteriorly, margins convex and usually dentate, disc with
scattered, often deep and wide punctures, anterior setae arising on a level with the lateral
margin of the pronotum, the anterior edges of the lateral arms of the prosternum strongly
convex and never continuous with the rest of the prosternum ; legs massive, front femora
each with a large ventral tooth, front tibiae curved and ribbed. Elytra : 1-5 or more times as
long as wide, punctures large and deep, intervals often strongly convex.

Nineteen African species are transferred from this large genus, twelve of them to
Afroeurydemus. In addition eleven Madagascan species of Syagrus are transferred
to Pheloticus. It is almost certain that Syagrus will prove to be confined to the
continent of Africa. The remaining species of Syagrus are characterized by a prono-
tum that is hood-like with the anterior half wider than the posterior half, the lateral
margins very convex and usually dentate and a head with the distance between
the eyes greater than their individual widths. Some of the smaller species of
Syagrus might be confused with Mandollia. However species of Mandollia are
much less robust, the eyes rounded and the pronotum wider in proportion to the
length, narrowing anteriorly and without dentate margins.

Species examined : —

Syagrus calcaratus (Fabricius).

S. fuscoaenius Fairmaire.

S. inter stitialis (Jacoby) comb. n. for Liniscus interstitialis Jacoby.

S. morio Harold.

S. opacus Jacoby.

S. ortobiensis Selman. .

5. perpuncticollis (Burgeon) comb. n. for Liniscus per puncticollis Burgeon.

5. puncticollis (Harold) comb. n. for Rhembastus puncticollis Harold.

154

B. J. SELMAN

S. rugiceps Lefevre.

5. rugifrons Baly.

S. strigaticeps (Lefevre) comb. n. for Liniscus strigaticeps Lefevre.

5. tristis Jacoby.

17

18

19

22

23

24

FIGS. 17-24. Outline of the left hand side of the dorsal surface of, 17. Syagrus ; 18.
Mandollia ; 19. Sarum ; 20. Meniellus ; 21. Massartia ; 22. Paraivongius ; 23.
Rhembastus ; and 24. Gabber ella.

REVISION OF NODINI 155

SARUM gen. n.

(Text-fig. 19)
Type-species : Rhembastus geminatus Jacoby, 1900 [Mashonaland] .

Length : approximately 4 mm. Head : pubescent and deeply punctured, sutures distinct ;
eyes dorsoventrally elongated, scarcely emarginate, a sulcus above, and above this sulcus
a short, broad, crescent-shaped area, with the surface granular and heavily setate (Text-fig. 2) ;
antennae reaching one-quarter of the way down the elytra, the basal segment globose, second
segment a little longer than the third, terminal five segments a little broader than segments
three to six. Thorax : pronotum pubescent, deeply and closely punctured, transverse but
less than 1-65 times as broad as long at the mid-line, anterior setae on a level with the lateral
margin of the pronotum, the lateral arms of the prosternum apparently extending well above
the margin of the pronotum, anterior edges convex, completely separated from the rest of the
prosternum ; legs short, femora deeply and closely punctured, front femora each with a large
ventral tooth, tibiae distinctly ridged, mid and hind tibiae deeply emarginate. Elytra :
pubescent, approximately 1-35 times as long at the mid-line as they are broad across the humeri,
confusedly punctured or with the punctures in irregular rows, humeri prominent, basal area
little raised.

This genus is similar to Meniellus and Massartia but the pronotum is less than
1-65 times as broad as long at the mid-line, the pronotum and elytra are often
lightly setate and the head has a short, broad, crescent-shaped raised area above the
sulcus of the eye (Text-fig. 2).

Species examined :—

Sarum geminatus (Jacoby) comb. n. for Rhembastus geminatus Jacoby.

5. inermis (Jacoby) comb. n. for Rhembastus inermis Jacoby.

S. mashonanus (Jacoby) comb. n. for Rhembastus mashonanus Jacoby.

S. obscurellus (Gerstaecker) comb. n. for Rhembastus obscurellus Gerstaecker.

S. pergeminatus (Burgeon) comb. n. for Rhembastus pergeminatus Burgeon.

MENIELLUS Weise

(Text-fig. 20)
Me niellus Weise, 1903 : 202. Type-species : Meniellus kohlschutteri Weise, 1903 [Tanganyika].

Body short and rounded. Length: approximately 4 mm. Head: broad, sutures indistinct ;
eyes large but not protuberant, with a prominent suture above ; antennae short and stout,
reaching one-third of the way down the elytra, first segment broad, second longer than third.
Thorax ; pronotum transverse and strongly margined, with its base almost as wide as the elytra,
sides narrowing anteriorly, surface heavily punctured, anterior setae with their origins just
below the margin of the pronotum, the anterior edges of the lateral extensions of the prosternum
convex ; legs stout, femora each with a distinct ventral spine, tibiae strongly ribbed, with
distal ends turned strongly outwards, claws bifid. Elytra : short and broad, sides parallel,
epipleura continuing to the apex with little decrease in width, punctation confused by punctures
of equal size lying between the rows.

This is one of the few genera in which no changes have been made. It is a highly
distinctive genus with a spherical body. The elytra are often spotted and have
large punctures in single rows confused by punctures of equal size lying in between
the rows. The pronotum is more than 1-85 times as wide as long at the mid-line.
The nearest genus is Massartia, which is clearly differentiated by the more elongated

156 B. J. SELMAN

body, the elytra with smaller punctures in confused double rows and the pronotum
between 1-60 and 1-85 times as wide as long at the mid-line.
Species examined : —

Meniellus kohlschutteri Weise Meniellus maculicollis (Jacoby).

MASSARTIA gen. n.

(Text-fig. 21)
Type-species : Rhembastus colasposomoides Burgeon, 1941 [Belgian Congo].

Body rounded. Length : less than 4 mm. Head : deeply inserted into the pro thorax,
sutures indistinct ; eyes convex, rounded, barely emarginate, wide apart ; antennae short and
stout, reaching to less than half-way down the elytra, terminal five segments broader than
segments three to six, first segment greatly expanded. Thorax : pronotum transverse, more
than i -65 times as broad as long at the mid-line, lightly margined, sides slightly convex, anterior
setae on a level with the lateral margin of the pronotum, the lateral arms of the prosternum
separated from the remainder of the prosternum and extending to well below the lateral margins
of the pronotum, anterior edges convex ; legs short, stout, front femora unarmed, tarsi distinctly
ridged, mid and hind tibiae deeply emarginate. Elytra : i-i times as long as broad, heavily
punctured, the punctures lying in irregular double rows, the intervals flat and glabrous with
scattered micropunctures, humeri and basal areas little raised.

This new genus is entirely composed of species removed from the genus Rhembastus,
from which they differ by having the elytra with the punctures in irregular double
rows and the anterior prothoracic setae on a level with the lateral border of the
pronotum. Massartia is related most closely to Meniellus and Sarum. Meniellus
differs in having a sulcus above the eye, the elytral punctures in single rows confused
by punctures of equal size lying between the rows. Sarum differs in having a sulcus
above the eye, a narrower pronotum and usually a light pubescence on the elytra and
pronotum.

Species examined : —

Massartia albertianus (Burgeon) comb. n. for Rhembastus albertianus Burgeon.
M. colasposomoides (Burgeon) comb. n. for Rhembastus colasposomoides Burgeon.
M. irregularis (Jacoby) comb. n. for Rhembastus irregularis Jacoby.
M. minimus (Burgeon) comb. n. for Rhembastus minimus Burgeon.
M. schoutedeni (Burgeon) comb. n. for Rhembastus schoutedeni Burgeon.

PARAIVONGIUS Pic

(Text-figs. 5, 22)

Paraivongius Pic, 1937 : 32- Type-species : Paraivongius metallicus Pic, 1937 [Tanganyika].

Body robust and broad. Length : 2-6-5 mm. Head : turned downwards and almost
completely retracted into the pronotum, sutures distinct ; eyes not protuberant, scarcely
emarginate, often dorsoventrally elongated, often with a sulcus above which may be large,
distance between the two eyes as seen from above greater than their individual width ; antennae
filiform, reaching approximately one-third of the way down the elytra, all segments approxi-
mately equal in length, first segment with that part distal to the constriction globular or at least
greatly expanded, distal five segments slightly broader than segments three to six. Thorax :
pronotum turned slightly downwards at an angle to the elytra, more than 1-45 times as wide as

REVISION OF NODINI 157

long along the mid-line, posterior border produced posteriorly at the mid-point, lateral edges
evenly curved, curvature small, lightly margined, anterior setae arising on a level with or above
the level of the lateral edges of the pronotum, lateral arms of the prosternum variable in shape
but always with the anterior edges strongly convex ; legs, anterior coxae broadly separated,
femora each with a small tooth on the ventral surface, tibiae strongly ribbed, claws bifid. Elytra :
broad, with sides approximately parallel, apices tending to turn downwards, basal area hardly
raised, humerus often prominent but smoothly rounded in form, punctures regular and close,
often deep and often lying in a groove, intervals either flat or highly convex, epipleuron tapering
evenly to the apex.

Twenty-eight species of Rhembastus and twenty-one species of Menius are here
transferred to the genus Paraivongius. Thus this genus now becomes one of the
largest in the African Eumolpidae. It may readily be distinguished from
Rhembastus, Mandollia and Gaberella by the position of the anterior setae of the
prothorax, which in Paraivongius is above or on a level with the lateral edges of the
pronotum. Paraivongius differs from Menius in that the epicranium and eyes are
not protuberant, the pronotum is usually more than 1-5 times the length along the
mid-line and the body shorter and broader.

Species examined :—

Paraivongius armatus (Burgeon) comb. n. for Rhembastus armatus Burgeon.

P. bayeri (Burgeon) comb. n. for Rhembastus bayeri Burgeon.

P. bequaerti (Burgeon) comb. n. for Rhembastus bequaerti Burgeon.

P. bicolor (Lefevre) comb. n. for Rhembastus bicolor Lefevre.

P. chalceatus (Lefevre) comb. n. for Menius chalceatus Lefevre.

P. coeruleus (Bryant) comb. n. for Menius coeruleus Bryant.

P. coffeae (Bryant) comb. n. for Rhembastus coffeae Bryant.

P. collarti (Burgeon) comb. n. for Menius collarti Burgeon.

P. congoensis (Burgeon) comb. n. for Rhembastus congoensis Burgeon.

P. costatus (Jacoby) comb. n. for Rhembastus costatus Jacoby.

P. curtus Pic.

P. cyanipennis (Gerstaecker) comb. n. for Rhembastus cyanipennis Gerstaecker.

P. distanti (Jacoby) comb. n. for Menius distanti Jacoby.

P. diver sicolor Pic.

P. diversitarsis Pic.

P. elizabethanus (Burgeon) comb. n. for Rhembastus elizabethanus Burgeon.

P. emaliensis (Bryant) comb. n. for Rhembastus emaliensis Bryant.

P.flavimanus (Burgeon) comb. n. for Menius flavimanus Burgeon.

P. flav itarsis (Jacoby) comb. n. for Menius flavitar sis Jacoby.

P. fulvicornis (Jacoby) comb. n. for Menius fulvicornis Jacoby.

P. gossypii (Bryant) comb. n. for Menius gossypii Bryant.

P. hypomelas (Lefevre) comb. n. for Rhembastus hypomelas Lefevre.

P. interstitialis (Jacoby) comb. n. for Rhembastus inter stitialis Jacoby.

P. jacobii n. n. for Menius rufipes Lefevre, 1891, nee Weise, 1883.

P. katangensis (Burgeon) comb. n. for Menius katangensis Burgeon.

P. kraatzi (Jacoby) comb. n. for Rhembastus kraatzi Jacoby.

P. lepesmei (Burgeon) comb. n. for Menius lepesmei Burgeon.

P. maynei (Burgeon) comb. n. for Rhembastus maynei Burgeon.

P. metallicus Pic.

P. micans (Gerstaecker) comb. n. for Menius micans (Gerstaecker).

P. milliani (Burgeon) comb. n. for Rhembastus milliani Burgeon.

P. mimicus Pic.

15* B. J. SELMAN

P. motoensis (Burgeon) comb. n. for Rhembastus motoensis Burgeon.

P. murrayi (Baly) comb. n. for Menius murrayi Baly.

P. nigripes (Jacoby) comb. n. for Rhembastus nigripes Jacoby.

P. nigritarsis (Lefevre) comb. n. for Rhembastus nigritarsis Lefevre.

P. parvulus (Jacoby) comb. n. for Menius parvulus Jacoby.

P. pauliani (Burgeon) comb. n. for Menius pauliani Burgeon.

P. plagiatus (Lefevre) comb. n. for Menius plagiatus Lefevre.

P. pomorum (Bryant) comb. n. for Rhembastus pomorum Bryant.

P. pseudobscurellus (Burgeon) comb. n. for Rhembastus pseudobscurellus Burgeon.

P. pseudoparvulus (Burgeon) comb. n. for Rhembastus pseudoparvulus Burgeon.

P. recticollis (Jacoby) comb. n. for Rhembastus recticollis Jacoby.

P. rotundatus (Burgeon) comb. n. for Rhembastus rotundatus Burgeon.

P. rufipes (Weise) comb. n. for Rhembastus rufipes (Weise).

P. ruandicus (Weise) comb. n. for Liniscus ruandicus Weise.

P. ruwenzoricus (Burgeon) comb. n. for Menius ruwenzoricus Burgeon.

P. scapularis (Burgeon) comb. n. for Rhembastus scapularis Burgeon.

P. semipiceus (Jacoby) comb. n. for Menius semipiceus Jacoby.

P. subaeneus (Jacoby) comb. n. for Rhembastus subaeneus Jacoby.

P. tarsalis (Lefevre) comb. n. for Menius tarsalis Lefevre.

P. testaceipes Pic.

P. uniformis (Jacoby) comb. n. for Rhembastus uniformis Jacoby.

P. viridescens Pic.

P. viridiaeneus (Jacoby) comb. n. for Menius viridiaeneus Jacoby.

P. viridinitens (Bryant) comb. n. for Menius viridinitens Bryant.

P. viridis (Jacoby) comb. n. for Rhembastus viridis Jacoby.

P. viriditinctus Pic.

P. wittei (Burgeon) comb. n. for Rhembastus wittei Burgeon.

GABERELLA gen. n.

(Text-figs. 3, 24)

Type-species : Menius costatus Baly, 1877 [Cameroons].
This is a monotypic genus.

Length : . 3 mm. Head : deeply inserted into the prothorax, sutures indistinct ; eyes
flattened, wide apart, lightly emarginate, a distinct sulcus above ; antennae filiform, reaching
half-way down the elytra, basal segment globose, second and third segments approximately
equal in length. Thorax : pronotum at base at least twice as wide as at the anterior end,
maximum width 1-78 times the length along the mid-line, surface distinctly punctured, intervals
glabrous, sides narrowly margined, anterior setae at the anteroventral corner of the episternum,
the anterior edges of the lateral arms of the prosternum convex and not continuous with the rest
of the prosternum ; legs slim, femora each with a small ventral tooth, tibiae lightly ridged,
front tibiae curved, claws bifid. Elytra : gently tapering towards the apex, twice as long as
the pronotum, humeri prominent, basal area little raised, deeply punctate-striate, intervals
very convex, the intervals between striae five and six from the median suture especially
strongly raised for one-third of the way down the elytra from the base.

This genus includes a single highly unusual species formerly placed in Menius.
It is characterized by the very rounded body, with the head and pronotum turned
strongly downwards, the bases of the anterior prothoracic setae on the anteroventral
corner of the episternum (Text-fig. 3), and very strongly raised intervals on the

REVISION OF NODINI 159

elytra. It is keyed with Rhembastus and Mandollia from which it differs in the shape
of the body, the short costate elytra and the position of the prothoracic setae.

Species examined : —

Gaberella costatus (Baly) comb. n. for Menius costatus Baly.
Menius sjoestedt Jacoby syn. n.

RHEMBASTUS Harold
(Text-figs. 4, 23)

Rhembastus Harold, 1877 : 101. Type-species : Rhembastus variabilis Harold, 1877 [Mozam-
bique]. By present designation.

Length : approximately 5 mm. Head : sutures shallow but distinct ; frontoclypeus broader
than long ; eyes dorsoventrally elongated, prominent but not protuberant, very wide apart, a
shallow but wide sulcus above ; antennae short, reaching one-quarter of the way down the
elytra, basal segment globular, terminal five segments twice as wide as segments three to six.
Thorax : pronotum almost as wide as the elytra, maximum width more than i -45 times the
length at the mid-line, anterior setae approximately at the mid-point of the anterior edge
of the episternum, well below the margin of the pronotum, anterior edges of the lateral arms of
the prosternum convex ; legs short, stout, femora strongly armed, tibiae strongly ribbed.
Elytra : approximately 3 times as long as the pronotum at the mid-line, punctures deep,
intervals flat or almost flat, sides parallel.

This formerly very large genus is now reduced in size by the transfer to other
genera of forty-five species, including twenty-seven to Paraivongius, five to Massartia
and five to Sarum. Rhembastus is characterized by having the base of the pronotum
less than twice as wide as the anterior end, with the anterior setae arising well below
the lateral edges of the pronotum at approximately the mid-part of the anterior
edge of the episternum (Text-fig. 4). The elytra are approximately three times as
long as the pronotum, with the intervals flat or almost flat and the frontoclypeus
is broader than long. Rhembastus is most closely related to Mandollia and
Gaberella, from which it differs in the characters given in the key (p. 168). It differs
from Paraivongius in the position of the anterior prothoracic setae. In
Rhembastus the elytra are punctate-striate, whereas the elytra of Massartia and
Sarum are confusedly punctured or have punctures in irregular rows or in double
rows.

Species examined : —

Rhembastus apicicollis Burgeon.

R. brevicornis (Jacoby) comb. n. for Menius brevicornis Jacoby.

R. laticollis Burgeon.

R. mechowi (Weise) comb. n. for Syagrus mechowi Weise.

R. natalensis Lefevre.

.R. variabilis Harold.

MANDOLLIA gen. n.

(Text-fig. 18)

Type-species : Rhembastus affinis Jacoby, 1900 [Mashonaland].
Length : less than 3 mm. Head : lightly inserted into the prothorax, deeply punctured and

i6o

B. J. SELMAN

lightly setate, sutures distinct ; eyes slightly dorsoventrally elongated, emarginate, a suture
above ; antennae short, reaching approximately one-third of the way down the elytra, basal
segment globose, terminal five segments broader than segments three to six second segment a
little longer than the third. Thorax : pronotum very lightly pubescent, transverse, narrowing
anteriorly, margins convex but never dentate, anterior setae arising just below the level of the
lateral margins of the pronotum, punctures deep, large and close together ; lateral arms of the
prosternum terminating well below the level of the lateral margins of the pronotum, quite
separate from the rest of the prosternum, anterior edges convex ; legs, femora each with a ventral
tooth, tibiae strongly ridged. Elytra : elongate, 1-4 to 1-6 times as long at the mid-line as they
are wide at the humerus, punctures deep and in stride, intervals convex, humerus prominent,
basal area little raised.

Mandollia is closely related to Rhembastus, from which it may be separated by
the more elongated body, the more anteriorly narrowing pronotum, the elytra with
strongly raised intervals, and the head and pronotum often lightly pubescent, with
deep pit-like punctures.

Species examined : —

Mandollia affinis (Jacoby) comb. n. for Rhembastus affinis Jacoby.

M. semibrunneus (Jacoby) comb. n. for Rhembastus semibrunneus Jacoby.

INDEX OF THE TAXONOMIC CHANGES IN THE AFRICAN GENERA OF THE TRIBE

NODINI

Old name

Amblynetes (p. 147)
A. bottegoi Jacoby

Aphthonesthis (p. 146)
A . cameruense (Jacoby)
A . concinna Weise

Chiridea (p. 146)
C. chapuisi Baly

Colposcelis (p. 146)
C. gossypii (Bryant)
C. liturata (Lefevre)
C. suturalis (Lefevre)
C. varians (Lefevre)

Eurydemus (p. 150)
E. armatus Achard
E. bredoi Burgeon
E. brevilineatus Jacoby
E. dentatus Bryant
E.flavicans Harold
E. geniculatus Jacoby
E. ghesquierei Burgeon
E. gossypii Bryant
E. gussfeldi Karsch
E. holubi Jacoby
E. jansoni Baly
E. maculipennis Jacoby
E. maculosus Harold
E. marginatus Jacoby

New name

Colposcelis (Synonym)
Colposcelis cameruense (Jacoby)
C. concinna (Weise)

Afroeurydemus armatus (Achard)

A . bredoi (Burgeon)

A. brevilineatus (Jacoby)

Obelistes dentatus (Bryant)

Afroeurydemus flavicans (Harold)

A. geniculatus (Jacoby)

A . ghesquierei (Burgeon)

Microsyagrus gossypii (Bryant)

Afroeurydemus gussfeldi (Karsch)

A. holubi (Jacoby)

A . jansoni (Baly)

A . maculipennis (Jacoby)

A . maculosus (Harold)

A . marginatus (Jacoby)

REVISION OF NODINI

161

Old name

Eurydemus cont.
E. nigriceps Jacoby
E. nigrosuturatus Bryant
E. nubienis Harold
E. porosicollis Jacoby
E. quadrimaculatus Jacoby
E. semivittatus Jacoby
E. suturalis Bryant
E. vrijdaghi Burgeon

Ivongius

I. parvulus Jacoby
/. puncticollis Jacoby

Liniscus (p. 149)
L. dombeyae Bryant
L. inter stitialis Jacoby
L. mashonanus Jacoby
L. natalensis Lefevre
L. perpuncticollis Burgeon
L. ruandicus Weise
L. sansibaricus Lefevre
L. strigaticeps Lefevre
L. zeae Burgeon

Meniellus (p. 155)
M. kohlschutteri Weise
M . maculicollis (Jacoby)

Menius (p. 151)
M. brevicornis Jacoby
M. chalceatus Lefevre
M. coeruleus Bryant
M. collarti Burgeon
M. conradti Jacoby
M . costatus Baly
M. distanti Jacoby
M. flavimanus Jacoby
M. flavitarsis Jacoby
M.fulvicornis Jacoby
M. gossypii Bryant
M. katangensis Burgeon
M. lacordairei Chapuis
M. lepesmei Burgeon
M. micans Gerstaecker
M ' . murrayi Baly
M. parvulus Jacoby
M. plagiatus Lefevre
M. pauliani Burgeon
M. rufipes Lefevre
M. ruwenzoricus Burgeon
M. semipiceus Jacoby
M. sjoestedt Jacoby
M. splendidus Jacoby
M. subcostatus Jacoby
M. tarsalis Lefevre

New name

A. nigriceps (Jacoby)
Colposcelis nigrosuturatus (Bryant)
Afroeurydemus nubiensis (Harold)
Colposcelis porosicollis (Jacoby)
Afroeurydemus quadrimaculatus (Jacoby)
Microeurydemus semivittatus (Jacoby)
Colposcelis mahembensis n. n.
Afroeurydemus vrijdaghi (Burgeon)

Proliniscus parvulus (Jacoby)
P. puncticollis (Jacoby)

Proliniscus dombeyae (Bryant)
Syagrus intev stitialis (Jacoby)
Microsyagrus mashonanus (Jacoby)
Proliniscus natalensis (Lefevre)
Syagrus perpuncticollis (Burgeon)
Paraivongius ruandicus (Weise)

Syagrus strigaticeps (Lefevre)
Microsyagrus zeae (Burgeon)

Rhembastus brevicornis (Jacoby)
Paraivongius chalceatus (Lefevre)
P. coeruleus (Bryant)
P. collarti (Burgeon)

Gaberella costatus (Baly)

Paraivongius distanti (Jacoby)

P. flavimanus (Jacoby)

P. flavitarsis (Jacoby)

P. fulvicornis (Jacoby)

P. gossypii (Bryant)

P. katangensis (Burgeon)

P. lepesmei (Burgeon)
P. micans (Gerstaecker)
P. murrayi (Baly)
P. parvulus (Jacoby)
P. plagiatus (Lefevre)
P. pauliani (Burgeon)
P. jacobii n. n.
P. ruwenzoricus (Burgeon)
P. semipiceus (Jacoby)
Gaberella costatus (Baly)

Paraivongius tarsalis (Lefevre)

1 62

B. J. SELMAN

Old name

Menius cont.
M . viridiaeneus Jacoby
M. viridinitens Bryant

Microeurydemus (p. 149)
M. ongepres Pic

Microsyagrus (p. 152)
M. trinotatus Pic

Paraivongius (p. 156)
P. curtus Pic
P. diver sicolor Pic
P. diversitarsis Pic
P. metallicus Pic
P. mimicus Pic
P. pallidior Pic
P. testaceipes Pic
P. viridescens Pic
P. viriditinctus Pic

Pseudivongius (p. 147)
P. aenius Jacoby
P. apicicornis Jacoby
P. lamottei Selman
P. natalensis Jacoby

Pseudosyagrus
P. africanus Jacoby

Rhembastus (p. 159)
ft. affinis Jacoby
/?. albertianus Burgeon
R. apicicollis Burgeon
R. armatus Burgeon
R. bayeri Burgeon
R. bequaerti Burgeon
R. bicolor Lefevre
R. coffeae Bryant
R. colasposomoides Burgeon
R. congoensis Burgeon
R. costatus Jacoby
R. cyanipennis Gerstaecker
R. cylindriformis Jacoby
R. elizabethanus Burgeon
R. emaliensis Bryant
R. geminatus Jacoby
R. hypomelas Lefevre
R. inermis Jacoby
R. inter stitialis Jacoby
R. irregularis Jacoby
R. ituriensis Weise
R. kraatzi Jacoby
R. laticollis Burgeon
R. mashonanus Jacoby
R. maynei Burgeon
R. milliani Burgeon

New name

P. viridiaeneus (Jacoby)
P. viridinitens (Bryant)

Microeurydemus africanus (Jacoby)

Mandollia affinis (Jacoby)
Massartia albertianus (Burgeon)

Paraivongius armatus (Burgeon)

P. bayeri (Burgeon)

P. bequerti (Burgeon)

P. bicolor (Lefevre)

P. coffeae (Bryant)

Massartia colasposomoides (Burgeon)

Paraivongius congoensis (Burgeon)

P. costatus (Jacoby)

P. cyanipennis (Gerstaecker)

Proliniscus cylindriformis (Jacoby)

Paraivongius elizabethanus (Burgeon)

P. emaliensis (Bryant)

Sarum geminatus (Jacoby)

Paraivongius hypomelas (Lefevre)

Sarum inermis (Jacoby)

Paraivongius interstitialis (Jacoby)

Massartia irregularis (Jacoby)

Afroeurydemus ituriensis (Weise)

Paraivongius kraatzi (Jacoby)

Sarum mashonanus (Jacoby)
Paraivongius maynei (Burgeon)
Paraivongius milliani (Burgeon)

REVISION OF NODINI

163

Old name

Rhembastus cont.
R. minimus Burgeon
R. motoensis Burgeon
R. natalensis Lefevre
R. nigripes Jacoby
R. nigritarsis Lefevre
R. obscurellus Gerstaecker
R. pergeminatus Burgeon
R. pomorum Bryant
R. pseudobscurellus Burgeon
R. pseudoparvulus Burgeon
R. puncticollis Harold
R. recticollis Jacoby
R. rotundatus Burgeon
R. rufipes Weise
R. scapularis Burgeon
R. schoutedeni Burgeon
R. semibrunneus Jacoby
R. sjoestedi Jacoby
R. subaeneus Jacoby
R. uniformis Jacoby
R. variabilis Harold
R. viridis Jacoby
R. wittei Burgeon

Syagrus (p. 153)
5. alluaudi Lefevre
S. antennatus Jacoby
S. bimaculatus Lefevre
S. bipunctatus Weise
5. calcaratus Fabricius
5. caliginosus Lefevre
S. carinatus Bryant
5. fulvimanus Jacoby
S. fuscoaeneus Fairmaire
S. hopei Bryant
S. insignitus Jacoby
S. koullmannensis Selman
S. mashonanus Jacoby
5. mechowi Weise
5. morio Harold
S. nigrolimbatus Ritsema
S. nigrostriatus Jacoby
S. opacus Jacoby
S. ortobiensis Selman
5. puncticollis Bryant
5. rosae Bryant
5. rufonitens (Thomson)
5. rufulus Thomson
S. rugiceps Lefevre
S. rugifrons Baly
S. striatipennis Lefevre
S. tristis Jacoby

New name

Massartia minimus (Burgeon)

P. araivongius motoensis (Burgeon)

P. nigripes (Jacoby)
P. nigritarsis (Lefevre)
Sarum obscurellus (Gerstaecker)
S. pergeminatus (Burgeon)
Paraivongius pomorum (Bryant)
P. pseudobscurellus (Burgeon)
P. pseudoparvulus (Burgeon)
Syagrus puncticollis (Harold)
Paraivongius recticollis (Jacoby)
P. rotundatus (Burgeon)
P. rufipes (Weise)
P. scapularis (Burgeon)
Massartia schoutedeni (Burgeon)
Mandollia semibrunneus (Jacoby)
Gaberella costatus (Baly)
Paraivongius subaeneus (Jacoby)
P. uniformis (Jacoby)

Pseudivongius viridis (Jacoby)
Paraivongius wittei (Burgeon)

Afroeurydemus alluaudi (Lefevre)
Proliniscus antennatus (Jacoby)
Afroeurydemus bimaculatus (Lefevre)
A . bipunctatus (Weise)

Afroeurydemus caliginosus (Lefevre)
A . carinatus (Bryant)
Microsyagrus fulvimanus (Jacoby)

Afroeurydemus hopei (Bryant)
Microsyagrus insignitus (Jacoby)
Liniscus koullmannensis (Selman)
Microsyagrus marshalli n. n.
Rhembastus mechowi (Weise)

Afroeurydemus nigrolimbatus (Ritsema)
A. nigrostriatus (Jacoby)

Afroeurydemus puncticollis (Bryant)
Microsyagrus rosae (Bryant)
Afroeurydemus rufonitens (Thomson)
A. rufulus (Thomson)

Afroeurydemus striatipennis (Lefevre)

164 B. J. SELMAN

EUMOLPINI

In this tribe eight genera are found to have senior synonyms and one new genus
is described.

MELINDEA Lefevre

Melindea Lefevre, 1884 : 65. Type-species, Melindea abyssinica Lefevre, 1884 [Abyssinia].
Mashonania Jacoby, 1901 : 247. syn. n.
Casmenella Jacoby, 1904 : 266. syn. n.
Falsoparnops Pic, 1923 : 16. syn. n.

COLASPOSOMA Castelnau

Colasposoma Castelnau, 1833 : 22. Type-species, Colasposoma senegalense Castelnau, 1833

[Senegal]

Palesida Harold, 1874 : 23. syn. n.
Pseudomacetes Linell, 1895 : 695. syn. n.
Dasychlorus Fairmaire, 1898 : 19. [syn. confirmed.]
Chiriphyle Jacoby, 1901 : 241. syn. n.

Dasychlorus Fairmaire was synonymised with Colasposoma, Jacoby (1900). It
contained two species, D. passeti Fairmaire (1898) and D. varicolor Fairmaire (1898),
which Jacoby (1900) synonymised with Colasposoma pradieri Lefevre (1877) and
C.fairmairei Lefevre (1877) respectively. Unfortunately Burgeon (1941) resurrected
the genus Dasychlorus but included in it only the type-species D. passeti Fairmaire.
The other species D. varicolor Fairmaire (1898), (W. Africa), Burgeon confused with
Teichostola varicolor Fairmaire (1887), (Somaliland) , an entirely different species.
D. passeti Fairmaire is undoubtedly larger and has more regularly-punctured elytra
than most species of Colasposoma. However, the general form and basic characters
clearly show D. passeti to be a species of Colasposoma. D. varicolor (Fairmaire)
is a very typical species of Colasposoma. Therefore Jacoby 's original synonymies
are here confirmed.

EVMOLPOPSIS Jacoby

Eumolpopsis Jacoby, 1894 : 16. Type-species, Eumolpopsis dimidiatus (Jacoby, 1893) [Gaboon].
Favarelius Pic 1938 : 2. syn. n.

Favarelius atrimembris Pic (1938) is a junior synonym of Eumolpopsis dimidiatus
Jacoby (1894). syn. n.

MONARDIELLA Pic

Monardiella Pic, 1940 : 360. Type-species, Monardiella subacuminata Pic, 1940 [Angola].
Pausiropsis Burgeon, 1941 : 368. syn. n.

OBELISTES Lefevre
It is found that Eurydemus dentatus Bryant (1954) was described in an incorrect

REVISION OF NODINI

165

genus and tribe. It is now transferred to the genus Obelistes of the Eumolpini
(p. 160).

Eurydemus dentatus Bryant (1954) —Obelistes dentatus (Bryant), comb. n.

TIMENTES gen. n.

(Text-figs. 25-27)
Type-species, Timentes flavipes sp. n.

Length : 6-5-7-0 mm. Colour : black with a sheen. Head : epicranium and frontoclypeus
fused ; eyes not marginate ; antennae short, with the two basal segments swollen. Thorax :
pronotum with the sides lightly and evenly curved, converging from posterior to anterior,
lateral arms of the prosternum separated from the sternum : legs, the femora each with a small
ventral tooth, tibiae not emarginate, claws bifid. Elytra : much broader than the pronotum,
confusedly punctate, parallel-sided.

This genus is closely related to Thysbina Weise. In Timentes, however, the body
is slimmer, the pronotum much narrower in comparison with the elytra, the legs
much slimmer, the body more glabrous and less setose and the antennae shorter.

25

26

27

FIGS. 25-27. Timentes flavipes. 25. dorsal view of left antenna ; 26. outline of left hand
side of the dorsal surface ; 27. male genitalia, side view of aedeagus.

166 B. J. SELMAN

Timentes Flavipes sp. n.

(Text-figs. 25-27)

cj, $. Length : 6-5-7-0 mm. Colour : glossy black with a greenish sheen, the basal six
segments of the antennae, labrum, maxillae, labium, legs and abdomen a light reddish brown.
Head : epicranium lightly punctured, lightly setose at the sides, interstices glabrous, epicranial
suture indistinct, sides of the epicranium diverging from posterior to anterior ; eyes large and
protuberant ; antennae reaching one-quarter of the way down the elytra, first segment approxi-
mately equal in length to segments three to eleven, second segment short, terminal segments
slightly swollen and highly pubescent. Thorax : pronotum transverse, lightly and minutely
punctured, interstices glabrous, lateral margins broad, especially at the anterior end, anterior
setae above the level of the lateral margin, anterior edges of the lateral arms of the prosternum
slightly convex at the ventral end, prosternum heavily setose with the surface deeply sculptured,
episternum deeply and closely punctured ; legs with tibiae equal in length to the femora, tibiae
lightly setose, curved, with a single small terminal spine, the third tarsal segment deeply split.
Scutellum : cordiform with a flat base, impunctate, glabrous. Elytra : elongate, humeri
slightly raised, basal area not raised, humeral sulcus broad, surface very lightly punctured,
punctures very small, interstices glabrous, epipleura broad at the base, narrowing steadily to the
apices of the elytra.

Holotype <$ : " EAST AFRICA ", probably TANGANYIKA, date unknown but
probably 1885-86 (P. Staudinger), from the Jacoby collection. In the British
Museum (Nat. Hist.).

Paratypes : one $, and one $, data as above.

This genus and species was named but not described by Weise from material in the
Jacoby collection and now in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). The specimens
described here are the original ones seen by Weise and preserve Weise's manuscript
name.

ADOXINI

The genera Macrocoma, Pseudocolaspis, and Eubrachis have already been revised
(Selman, 1964). In the tribe Adoxini two genera are found to have senior synonyms.

SCELODONTA Westwood

Scelodonta, Westwood, 1837 : 129. Type-species, Scelodonta curculionoides Westwood, 1837

[Manilla] .
Scelodontomorpha, Pic, 1938 : 26. syn. n.

Scelodontomorpha tricostata Pic (1938), syn. n., is a junior synonym of Scelodonta
costata Jacoby (1894).

S EMM ION A Fairmaire

Semmiona Fairmaire, July 8th, 1885 : 127. Type-species, Semmiona squameoguttata Fairmaire

1885 [Belgian Congo].
Himerida Lefevre, December, 1885 : 90. syn. n.

Himerida davareaui Jacoby (1901), syn. n., is a junior synonym of Semmiona
squameoguttata Fairmaire (1885).

REVISION OF NODINI 167

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE EUMOLPIDAE OF AFRICA

Body usually glabrous above, prothorax transverse, pygidium without a median

groove ............. 2

Body usually pubescent, prothorax cylindrical and often lacking a lateral margin

or with a pygidium with a well-defined median groove ..... 3

Elytra longitudinally punctured, mid and hind tibiae distinctly emarginate pre-

apically ............ Nodini

Elytra punctured irregularly, or in very irregular rows, mid and hind tibiae not

distinctly emarginate pre-apically ....... Eumolpini

Pygidium not medially grooved, prothorax cylindrical or sub-cylindrical, rarely

with a lateral margin .......... Adoxini

Pygidium distinctly grooved medially, prothorax transverse or cylindrical, distinctly

margined at the side, dorsum often glabrous, mesosternum produced at the middle

of the apex .......... Colaspoidini

Nodini

Claws appendiculate ........... 2

Claws bifid ............. 3

Pronotum with sides multiserrate, elytra broader near the apex than at the base

CHIRIDEA
Pronotum with sides with a single tooth, elytra with sides approximately parallel

COLPOSCELIS
Head, pronotum and elytra heavily granulate, almost obscuring the punctation, legs

stout, lateral arms of prosternum with anterior edge convex . AMBLYNETES

Interstices not heavily granulate ......... 4

Elytra ovate, width at middle 1-5 times as wide as at the base, anterior femora not

armed, scutellum an equilateral triangle . .... PSEUDIVONGIUS

Elytra not ovate, but with sides approximately parallel ..... 5

Pronotum flattened dorsoventrally, very strongly transverse (Text-fig, n) with sides
heavily margined, front femur with a very large tooth in the form of an equilateral
triangle (Text-fig. 6), basal width and height of tooth much greater than the maxi-
mum width of the tibia, eyes very close together . . MICROEURYDEMUS
Without the above combination of characters ....... 6

Eyes round and large, their width as seen from above not less than the distance

between the two eyes ; elytra heavily punctured, with intervals often raised . 7

Eyes smaller, often dorsoventrally elongated, distance between the two eyes as

seen from above greater than their width ....... 8

Pronotum hood-like, head turned under, elytra elongate and at least i -43 times
as long as they are wide across the humeri, at the mid-line more than 2-5 times
as long as the hind tibia, legs short and stout .... LINISCUS

Pronotum not hood-like, elytra broader at the mid-line than in Liniscus, not more
than i -42 times as long as they are wide across the humeri, at the mid-line less than
2-5 times as long as the hind tibia, legs elongate and stout . AFROEURYDEMUS
Insects longer than 5 mm., the eyes protuberant, with a very large crescent-shaped
sulcus above, the sulcus extending to a point well behind the mid-point of the eye
(Text-fig, i), the epicranium protuberant, the basal segment of the antennae twice
as wide as the second segment, the pronotum cylindrical with a narrow margin,
the maximum width of the pronotum less than 1-5 times the length of the prono-
tum along the mid-line, the elytra punctate-striate but in some species the
punctures are in paired striae and may be very confused, intervals flat and
glabrous MENIUS

168 B. J. SELMAN

Eyes without a sulcus or with a very narrow one ; if there is a large sulcus, the
epicranium and eyes are not protuberant and/or the maximum width of the
pronotum is greater than 1-5 times the length along the mid-line and/or the sulcus
is partially filled by a raised area (Text-fig. 2) and/or does not extend beyond a
point immediately above the middle of the eye ...... 9

9 Antennae with that part of the first segment distal to the constriction elongated,
prothorax with the origins of the anterior setae well below the margins of the pro-
notum, antennae with the third segment approximately equal in length to the
second segment, extending to less than half-way down the elytra, elytra with the
punctures deeply impressed, intervals often slightly convex . MICROSYAGRUS

— Antennae with that part of the first segment distal to the constriction globular or

at least greatly expanded . . . . . . . . . . 10

10 Pronotum often cylindrical, maximum width of the pronotum less than 1-45 times

the length of the pronotum along the mid-line . . . . . . 1 1

- Maximum width of the pronotum greater than 1-45 times the length along the

mid-line ............. 12

1 1 Pronotum with shallow punctures, cylindrical, margins curved and never dentate

PROLINISCUS

— Elongated insects with a hood-like pronotum, in which the anterior half is wider than

the posterior half (Text-fig. 17), the punctures broad and deep, and the lateral mar-
gins very convex and usually dentate ; some species show a tendency to confusion
of the punctures and to pubescence ...... SYAGRUS

12 Elytra confusedly punctate or with punctures in irregular bands or double rows,

with scattered micropunctures between . . . . . . . .13

Elytra punctate-striate ........... 15

13 Pronotum less than 1-6 times as broad as long at the mid-line, pronotum and elytra

often lightly pubescent, the eye with a short, broad, crescent-shaped area above
the sulcus of the eye, the surface granular and heavily setose (Text-fig. 2) . SARUM
Pronotum more than 1-6 times as broad as long at the mid-line, pronotum and

elytra non-setose . . . . . . . . . . . 14

14 Body spherical, surface non-metallic and frequently patterned with spots, elytra

with punctures in single rows confused by punctures of equal size lying in between
the rows, the punctures very large, pronotum more than 1-85 times as wide as
the length at the mid-line MENIELLUS

- Body more elongated, surface often metallic, elytra with punctures smaller and

usually in confused double rows, pronotum less than 1-85 times as wide as the
length at the midline MASSARTIA

15 Anterior setae of the prothorax arising above or on a level with the lateral edges of

the pronotum (Text-fig. 5), elytra with intervals either flat or highly convex

PARAIVONGIUS

- Anterior setae of the prothorax arising on the episternum well below the lateral

edges of the pronotum (Text-figs. 3, 4), elytra with the intervals flat or highly
convex ........... . .16

1 6 Pronotum at the base at least twice as wide as at the anterior end, anterior setae

of the pronotum at the antero ventral corner of the episternum (Text-fig. 3).
Elytra approximately twice as long as the pronotum, with the intervals strongly
raised GABERELLA

- Pronotum at the base less than twice as wide as at the anterior end, anterior setae

of the prothorax arising at approximately the mid point of the anterior edge of
the episternum (Text-fig. 4). Elytra much more than twice as long as the pro-
notum, with the intervals either flat or strongly raised . . . . . 17

17 Elytra with intervals flat or almost flat, head and pronotum with the surface

glabrous and the punctures shallow RHEMBASTUS

REVISION OF NODINI 169

- Elytra with intervals strongly raised, head and pronotum with the surface often

lightly pubescent and with deep pit-like punctures . . . MANDOLLIA

Eumolpini

1 Claws bifid ............. 2

- Claws appendiculate ........... 8

2 Body covered with fine scale-like setae interspersed with a few hair-like setae

TRICHOSTOLA
Never with scale-like setae, either glabrous or setose ...... 3

3 Entire surface thickly covered in setae, body clearly more than twice as long as wide

MELINDEA
Glabrous, but if setate, body approximately twice as long as broad ... 4

4 Pronotum as broad as the elytra or only a little narrower ..... 5
Pronotum much narrower than the elytra ........ 6

5 The lateral arms of the prosternum with anterior edge straight or convex, and

separated from the sternum ........ THYSBINA

- The lateral arms of the prosternum with anterior edge straight or concave, and

continuous with the sternum ...... COLASPOSOMA

6 Pronotum with sides approximately straight and diverging from posterior to

anterior, distance between the eyes 2-5-3-0 times the height of the eyes, antennae

with terminal segments much enlarged ........ 7

Not as above TIMENTES

7 Pronotum much longer than broad, head sutures distinct . . EUMOLPOPSIS
Pronotum broader than long, head sutures indistinct .... EURYOPA

8 Upper side of body pubescent .......... 9

Upper side of body glabrous .......... 10

9 Pronotum with a broad margin, elytra glabrous, third segment of antennae as long

as the fourth MICROHERMESIA

Pronotum with a very narrow margin, elytra highly pubescent, third segment of

antennae much shorter than the fourth ...... CHIRIDELLA

10 Femora armed with several spines in a row ..... OBELISTES

- Femora unarmed or with a single spine . . . . . . . . 1 1

1 1 Brilliant metallic species, elytra with punctures confused or in double rows, humeri

prominent, longitudinally ribbed, antennae filiform, with all segments very

elongated PRASOIDEA

— Species which, if metallic, are not brilliant, elytra with punctures in rows and lacking

longitudinal ribs ............ 12

12 Pronotum strongly transverse and weakly convex, elytra finely punctured, inter-

stices flat, antennae stout ........ LEFEVREA

Pronotum strongly convex, elytra boldly punctured, antennae filiform . . . 13

13 Pronotum 1-5 times as broad as long, femora with a massive spine . . PHASCUS

- Pronotum less than 1-5 times as broad as long, femora unarmed or with a very small

spine . TAPHIUS

Adoxini

1 Tarsal claws appendiculate or simple, pronotum margined ..... 2

- Tarsal claws bifid ............ 4

2 Body covered in small scales, length approximately 2-5 mm., antennae short, with

distal five segments broadened, pronotum elongate . . . PACHNEPHORUS

- Non-pubescent, larger insects with long antennae ...... 3

3 Pronotum cylindrical, with lateral margin poorly developed, antennae with third

segment more than twice as long as the second segment . . DERMOXANTHUS

iyo B. J. SELMAN

Pronotum transverse, with lateral margin well developed, antennae with third

segment approximately equal to the second .... PSEUDEDUSEA

4 Pronotum with margin dentate or crenellated ....... 5

Pronotum with margin, if present, not strongly dentate ..... 9

5 Elytra with obvious transverse rugosities, particularly near the humerus . . 6
Elytra without obvious transverse rugosities ....... 7

6 General appearance glabrous, setae on elytra minute, setae on the pronotum and

head very small, curved and brown . . . . . . . .28

- General appearance glabrous but rugose, setae on the elytra and pronotum promi-

nent and often of two types, one white and adpressed, the other brown and more
erect NERISSUS

7 Third antennal segment clearly twice as long as the second segment, anterior femur

with a massive spine, body strongly elongated .... GASMEN A

- Third antennal segment clearly much less than twice as long as second segment,

anterior femur without a spine or with a small spine ..... 8

8 Large broad insects, elytra heavily pubescent with scale-like adpressed setae inter-

spersed with round spots of stout, black, erect, spine-like setae . . UHELIA

Small, slim insects, surface of pronotum and head with raised reticulate sculpture,

each cell so formed coarsely granulate, with a single seta in the centre CHIRIDISIA

9 Elytra short with the sides highly convex . . . . . . . . 10

Elytra with at least the anterior half of the sides straight . . . . . 14

10 Anterior edge of the pronotum very much shorter than the posterior edge . . n
Anterior edge of the pronotum approximately equal to or just shorter than the

posterior edge ............ 12

1 1 Anterior femora considerably more swollen than the middle and hind femora, body

almost spherical, glabrous but minutely setate along the sides of the elytra and
pronotum. When viewed from above the lateral sides of the pronotum are evenly

curved ECHTRUSIA

Anterior femora not more swollen than the middle and hind femora, body rounded
but not spherical, closely setose, when viewed from above the lateral sides of the
pronotum are strongly constricted posteriorly, with anterior portion of the sides
almost straight FALLEN A

12 Antennal segments three to six not more than 1-5 times as long as broad, segments

seven to ten rounded ........... 13

Antennal segments three to six twice as long as broad, segments seven to ten much
longer than broad, reaching more than half-way down the elytra, tarsi elongated,
femur with a well-developed tooth, setae on the elytra of two types, one curved,
adpressed, laterally-flattened and tending to form bands, the other straight,
upright and often of even distribution, pronotum not domed and with indistinct
margins MONARDIELLA

13 Pronotum domed with the margins distinct, sides highly convex, anterior edge

approximately equal in length to the posterior edge, body strongly waisted
between the elytra and the pronotum, glabrous but very lightly setose along the
sides of the pronotum and elytra, setae uniform and somewhat scale-like, antennae
reaching one-fifth of the way down the elytra, second segment approximately
equal to the third PAUSIRUS

- Pronotum not domed, lacking lateral margins and with the sides less convex,

anterior edge of the pronotum a little shorter than the posterior edge, tarsi very
short, body covered thinly with scattered setae, setae uniform and especially
scale-like on the elytra, less so on the pronotum, antennae with second segment
twice as long as the third BADENSIS

14 Body short and rounded, heavily pubescent, anterior femora strongly armed, the

base of the pronotum almost as wide as the elytra .... SEMMIONA

REVISION OF NODINI 171

Body elongated or the pronotum obviously much narrower than the elytra . . 15

15 Anterior femur strongly toothed ......... 16

- Anterior femur without a tooth or with a very small tooth . . . . . 17

1 6 Antennae with the third segment much longer than the second segment . . 18

- Antennae with the third segment approximately equal to the second segment . 19

17 Antennae with the second segment twice as long as the third, head narrow and very

elongate, eyes recessed and flat ...... NERISSELLA

Antennae with the third segment as long as or longer than the second segment, head

broad, eyes convex and prominent ........ 24

1 8 Elytra with the sides strongly tapering towards the apex, eyes highly protuberant,

a deep suture above each eye, pronotum cylindrical with lateral margin indistinct

SCELODONTA

Elytra with the sides not strongly tapering towards the apex, eyes not protuberant
and without a suture above each eye, pronotum strongly transverse with a broad
lateral margin showing traces of dentations, femoral spines poorly developed

DICONERISSUS
ig Large insects, more than i cm. long, humerus very prominent, apex pointed, setae

fine, erect and obscure, general appearance glabrous . . . ENNODIUS

- Small insects, less than i cm. long, setae flattened, adpressed and obvious, general

appearance pubescent ........... 20

20 Pronotum transverse, not globose, sides strongly converging from posterior to

anterior, heavily pubescent, setae adpressed, elytra short, not strongly tapering,

eyes emarginate, less than half exposed ...... MACETES

— Pronotum not transverse, more globose, elytra distinctly tapering from anterior to
posterior, the degree of pubescence varying, eyes scarcely emarginate, pygidium
either completely covered by the elytra or more than half exposed . . . 21

21 Pygidium more than half exposed, scutellum usually bi- or tri-cuspid, anterior edge

of the lateral arms of the prosternum convex, though in many of the smaller
species the convexity is lost or almost lost, elytra short, pronotum globose with
the sides evenly curved, body setose, the density of the setae variable, setae
usually scale-like, femur never with more than one ventral tooth PSEUDOCOLASPIS

- Pygidium covered by the elytra, scutellum cordiform, not bi- or tri-cuspid, anterior

edge of the lateral arms of the prosternum flat, elytra long and slender . . 22

22 General appearance usually non-setose, femur usually with more than one ventral

tooth, anterior and middle tibiae approximately equal in length, elytra and prono-
tum very strongly sculptured, elytra strongly narrowed distally, often with .longi-
tudinal costae and with setae sparse and stubble-like, pronotum with the sides
evenly curved, anterior end approximately equal in length to the posterior end

TANYBRIA

- General appearance usually setose, femur never armed with more than one ventral

tooth, middle tibiae shorter than the anterior tibiae, elytra and pronotum smooth
and not strongly sculptured, elytra only gradually narrowing distally and never
with longitudinal costae, usually covered in a dense mass of silvery scale-like
setae, pronotum often with the sides tapering anteriorly, with the anterior end
shorter than the posterior end ...... MACROCOMA

23 Pronotum transverse, anterior corners angular, toothing of sides prominent, anterior

and posterior edges approximately parallel, body longer than 5 mm. DICOLECTES

- Pronotum globose, hood-like, anterior corners not angular, toothing of sides not

prominent, anterior and posterior edges not parallel, body shorter than 5 mm.

MECISTES

24 Pronotum as long as or longer than wide, head across the eyes wider than the

pronotum, body less than 4 mm. in length ....... 25

172 B. J. SELMAN

— Pronotum clearly wider than long, head across the eyes narrower than the pronotum,

body greater than 4 mm. in length ........ 26

25 Middle tibiae emarginate at the apex ...... MALEGIA

Middle tibiae not emarginate at the apex ..... PSEUDOMALEGIA

26 Elytra with glabrous raised areas and heavily setose depressions, the punctures deep

and wide apart, pronotum with a deep and complex surface sculpture . . 27
- Elytra heavily and more or less evenly setose without raised glabrous areas, the

punctures fine and very close together, pronotum surface smooth ... 28

27 Elytra with shallow depressions in the form of anastomosing gilded patches covered

in a dense felt of stout confused white setae, the pronotum with a few setae, the
punctures very large and elongated, and with a large fovea on either side, antennae
stout and reaching one-quarter of the way down the elytra, the distal five segments
almost as wide as they are long ....... DIDALSIS

— Elytra with deep, anastomosing, longitudinal depressions densely lined with setae,

the pronotum setose, especially along the lateral sides, the surface densely
punctured and deeply sculptured, the antennae elongate, reaching half-way down
the elytra, the distal segments much longer than wide .... SYRICTA

28 Setae hair-like, elytra with prominent humeri and the sides tapering from base to

apex, pronotum with anterior edge almost as long as the posterior edge, a slight
depression on either side, eyes strongly emarginate, head prognathous . CYNO

— Setae scale-like, elytra with the humeri not prominent and the sides almost parallel,

pronotum with the anterior edge almost as long as the posterior edge, eyes entire

head hypognathous .......... ERYXIA

Colaspoidini

i Pronotum cylindrical, antennae with five terminal segments greatly enlarged and

flattened, deeply sulcate above the eyes, tibiae not emarginate . . CORYNODES
Pronotum transverse, posterior and median tibiae emarginate . ODONTOMORPHA

APPENDIX

In the course of this work the following Madagascan species of the genus Syagrus
Chapuis were found to belong to the genus Pheloticus Harold.

Pheloticus achardi (Bechyne) comb. n. for Syagrus achardi Bechyne.

P. bipartitus (Fairmaire) comb. n. for Syagrus bipartitus Fairmaire.

P. costatipennis (Jacoby) comb. n. for Syagrus costatipennis Jacoby.

P. dilutus (Lefevre) comb. n. for Syagrus dilutus Lefevre.

P. distantus (Bechyne) comb. n. for Syagrus distantus Bechyne.

P. lefevrei (Jacoby) comb. n. for Syagrus lefevrei Jacoby.

P. nigricollis (Jacoby) comb. n. for Syagrus nigricollis Jacoby.

P. pallidipennis (Jacoby) comb. n. for Syagrus pallidipennis Jacoby.

P. perroti (Jacoby) comb. n. for Syagrus perroti Jacoby.

P. rogezianus (Bechyne) comb. n. for Syagrus rogezianus Bechyne.

P. rugicollis (Jacoby) comb. n. for Syagrus rugicollis Jacoby.

All the Madagascan species of Syagrus seen by the author have proved to belong to
Pheloticus. It is highly probable that Syagrus is a genus restricted to the mainland
of Africa and that Pheloticus is a genus restricted to Madagascar.

REVISION OF NODINI 173

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am especially grateful to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) for allowing me the
use of their collections. My thanks are also due to the Institut Frangais d'Afrique
Noire, the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, the Museum National
d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, the Musee Royal de 1'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, the
Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm, and the United States National Museum,
Washington, D.C. Finally I must thank R. D. Pope of the Commonwealth Institute
of Entomology for much valuable advice on taxonomic problems and my wife for
many corrections to the manuscript.

REFERENCES

BALY, J. S. 1877. Diagnoses of a new genus and some undescribed species of African
Phytophaga. Entomologist's mon. Mag. 14 : 177-179.

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246-265.

BRYANT, G. E. 1954. La reserve naturelle integrate du Mont Nimba 2. XII. Coleopteres
Chrysomelides Eumolpinae. Mem. Inst. fr. Afr. noire, 40 : 169-173.

- 1956. Contributions a 1'etude de la faune entomologique du Ruanda-Urundi (Mission P.
Basilewsky 1953). 97. Annls. Mus. r. Congo Beige. Ser. Svo. Sci. zool. 51 : 395-421.

BURGEON, L. i94ia. Mission P. Lepesme, R. Paulian et A. Villiers au Cameroun occidental :
Chrysomelidae S. Earn. Eumolpinae. Rev. Zool. Bot. afr. 35 : 112-118.

- i94ib. Nouveaux Eumolpides (Col. Chrysom.) des collections du Musee du Congo beige.
Rev. Zool. Bot. afr. 34 : 168-191.

- i94ic. Eumolpides (Col. Chrysom.) des collections du Musee du Congo Beige. Rev.
Zool. Bot. afr. 34 : 268-296.

- i94id. Un genre et quelques especes nouvelles d'Eumolpides (Col. Chrysom.). Rev.
Zool. Bot. afr. 34 : 366-375.

CASTELNAU, F. L. 1833. Memoire sur les divisions du genre Colaspis. Rev. Ent., Caen 1 :

18-25.
CHAPUIS, M. F. 1874. Genera des Coleopteres in Lacordaire, Histoire naturelle des Insectes,

10.
CHEN, S. H. 1940. Attempt at a new classification of the leaf beetles. Sinensia, 11 : 451-

481.
CLAVAREAU, H. 1914. Chrysomelidae, Eumolpinae in Junk, Coleopterorum Catalogus, 11 :

1-215.

DEJEAN, P. F. 1837. Catalogue des Coleopteres. 3. edit. 503 pp. Paris.
FABRICIUS, J. C. 1775. Sy sterna Entomologica. 832 pp. Flensburg & Leipzig.
FAIRMAIRE, L. 1885. Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 5 : cxxvii.

- 1887. Coleopteres des voyages de M. G. Revoil chez les Somalis et dans 1'interieure du
Zanguebar. Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (6) 7 : 277-367.

Descriptions d'un genre nouveau d'Eumolpide. Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1898 : 19-20.
Quelques Coleopteres de 1'Afrique occidentale francaise. Notes Leyden Mus.
20 : 211-223.
GRESSITT, J. L. and KIMOTO, S. 1961. The Chrysomelidae (Coleopt.) of China and Korea.

Pacific Insects Monograph 1A : 1-299.
HAROLD, E. 1874. Palesida, neue Eumolpiden Gattung. Berl. ent. Z. 18 : 23-24.

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TACOBY, M. 1894. Pseudeumolpus, Jacoby, renamed Eumolpopsis. Entomologist's mon.
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I74 B- J- SELMAN

JACOBY, M. 1897. Further contributions to the knowledge of the phytophagous Coleoptera of
Africa, including Madagascar. Part 2. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. : 527-577.

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Africa. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1900 : 203-266.

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LAPORTE see CASTELNAU, F. L.

LEFEVRE, E. 1877. Descriptions de Coleopteres nouveaux ou peu connus de la famille des
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LINELL, M. L. 1896. List of Coleoptera collected on the Tana River, and on the Jombene
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5 : 127-130.

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
BY THOMAS DE LA RUE &
COMPANY LIMITED LONDON

22 OCTVW

ON SOME COCCIDAE

CHIEFLY FROM AFRICA

G. DE LOTTO

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 16 No. 4

LONDON: 1965

ON SOME COCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA),
CHIEFLY FROM AFRICA.

BY

G. DE LOTTO

I

M

Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria.

Pp. 175-239; 23 Text-figures

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 16 No. 4

LONDON : 1965

THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM

(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical series.

Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.

In 1965 a separate supplementary series of longer
papers was instituted, numbered serially for each
Department.

This paper is Vol. 16, No. 4 of the Entomological
series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited
follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.

Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) 1965

TRUSTEES OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

Issued 25th October, 1965 Price £i 5s.

<$,

22

o^

ON SOME COCCIDAE (HOMOPTERA),
CHIEFLY FROM AFRICA.

#y G. DE LOTTO

CONTENTS

Page

SYNOPSIS ........... 177

INTRODUCTION ........... 177

DESCRIPTIONS AND RECORDS OF SPECIES . . . . . . 178

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......... 236

REFERENCES ........... 236

INDEX ............ 239

SYNOPSIS

Fourteen species of soft scales are redescribed, including the black scale Saissetia oleae
(Bernard, 1782), which according to the author's conclusion does not occur in Africa south of
the Sahara. Six more African species are described as new. Records from new hosts and
localities of a few old species are given. The new generic name of Kilifia is proposed for
Platycoccus Takahashi, 1959 \non Stickney, 1934].

INTRODUCTION

FOLLOWING the new taxonomic concepts introduced by the late Prof. G. F. Ferris,
an interesting revival has occurred in the study of many groups of Coccoidea.
However, the soft scale family Coccidae has received very little attention. Our
knowledge of this family, in spite of including several species of prominent economic
importance, is on the whole not better than it was twenty, fifty, or more years ago.
The majority of the species cannot be properly recognized from the descriptions
available because the few diagnostic characters used in the past are either unreliable
or of minor taxonomic value. A re-examination of material identified on the basis
of such characters may at times prove to include different species, as in the case of
Saissetia oleae discussed in this paper. The present generic classification, too, is far
from satisfactory. Of 120-130 genera so far erected, hardly a dozen, that is only
one-tenth of the total, are sufficiently known for a critical study of their composition.
Many of the remainder are still based on rather superficial features.

178 G. DE LOTTO

The prospects for a general revision of the family are rather remote. Types,
where available, are often in such a condition as to be of little or no use at all, and
supplementary specimens have to be discovered. Obviously this task is beyond the
reach of any single worker.

In the present series of papers, chiefly concerned with the fauna of Africa south
of the Sahara, genera and species are reviewed as adequate material comes to hand.
The writer is fully aware of the inconvenience that this procedure implies, but the
present state of the group does not permit alternative courses.

DESCRIPTIONS AND RECORDS OF SPECIES

AKERMES Cockerell, 1902
Akermes Cockerell, 1902: 89.

Type-species: Akermes bruneri Cockerell, 1902.

Very little is known on the morphology of the type-species of this genus, except
that full grown females are globular and legs and antennae are wanting. According
to Cockerel], the skin is marked with a polygonal reticulation as in Eulecanium
and with "a number of large dark chitinous areas". Whether or not andersoni is
actually congeneric with bruneri is uncertain. Eventually it may be transferred to
the genus Cribrolecanium Green, 1921 (type-species: C. formicarum Green, 1921)
into which it seems to fit adequately.

Akermes andersoni Newstead, 1917
(Text-fig, i)

Akermes andersoni Newstead, 1917: 347.
Akermes andersoni Newstead; Hall, 1937: 122.

First described on specimens infesting orange leaves in Kabete, Nairobi, KENYA
(Newstead, 1917) and later recorded by Hall (1937) as occurring on leaves of grape-
fruit in SOUTHERN RHODESIA.

Adult female "completely covered with a rather dense, dusky -white, mealy secretion, which
also spreads over the surrounding portions of the food-plant, giving the infested leaves an
almost uniform mealy appearance. Colour, on the removal of the secretion, rich dark piceous
or very dark castaneous, shining ; younger examples varying from reddish brown to dusky buff.
Form irregular oval, asymmetrical, and more or less narrowed in front; sometimes broadly
ovate or subcircular. Flat or very low convex with a faint median keel in the abdominal region ;
sides well within the margin, with a series of widely separated truncate tubercles; these structures
vary in number and are often asymmetrical. Derm densely chitinised, more especially towards
the margins, where innumerable minute, translucent, poreless 'cells' are present." (Newstead,
loc. cit.).

The following redescription is based on a series of young adult specimens from East Africa
as listed below. Mounted females broadly rounded behind and acutely tapering in front; or
irregularly deltoides, due to their position on the leaves; mouth parts, antennae and legs often
displaced from the median line of the body; length 2- 1-3- 3 mm. Dorsum with altogether seven
— occasionally eight — large, rounded, heavily sclerotized cribriform plates, symmetrically

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA 179

arranged on the submarginal area; close to the margin of the body are scattered n to 16 other
cribriform plates much smaller in diameter. Dorsal setae small, but stout; pointed. Dorsal
pores absent. Paraopercular pores* set in a loose elongate group of 6 to 17 in front of the anal
opercula. Submarginal pores wanting. Anal opercula with posterior lateral margin remarkably
longer than the anterior lateral one; outer angle pointed; each operculum carries a longish,
finely pointed discal seta, and one long robust and two small slender apical ones; length
95-125^; combined width 110-140^. Marginal setae rather slender and finely pointed, somewhat
variable in size, ranging from 44 to 58^ in length; 20 to 40 setae occur on the margin between
the anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts. Stigmatic spines three, small, cylindrical; median
10 to 2O[i in length; laterals about half as long. Multilocular pores not numerous around the
genital opening and extending in irregular loose transverse rows on all preceding abdominal
segments. Quinquelocular pores few and arranged in bands one pore wide. Tubular ducts
entirely lacking. Legs reduced to a very small spur, each with a minute claw on the apex.
Antennae rudimentary, obscurely divided in four or five— occasionally six — segments; apical
segment with 5 or 6 digitiform setae; total length 100-150^. Fold of the anal invagination with
four setae altogether. Ventral submedian setae on the abdominal segments anterior to the
genital opening absent.

KENYA: Nairobi, 14. ii. 1951, on Ficus verrucocarpa Warb. (Moraceae) (G. De
Lotto) ; 20. vi. 1951, on Ehretia silvatica Guerke (Boraginaceae) (G. De Lotto] ; 2.vii.i94i,
on Callistemon sp. (Myrtaceae) (R. H. Le Pelley}. Ruiru, 15.1.1957, on Passiflora
edulis Linn. (Passifloraceae) (D. J. McCrae). Taveta, 15. x. 1955, on Citrus sp.
(Rutaceae) (P. E. Wheatley}.

SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Nelspruit, 18.11.1964, on Passiflora edulis Linn.,
(/. B.Kok).

CEROPLASTES Gray, 1828
Ceroplastes Gray, 1828: 7.
Type-species: Coccus janeirensis Gray, 1828.

After the Linnean Coccus, Ceroplastes is the oldest of the genera of the coccoid
family Coccidae. Originally introduced as a section of Coccus, it was raised to generic
rank by Vigor (1829). Two species were initially referred to it: Coccus (Ceroplastes}
chilensis, which according to Green (1899) was described on preadults of the older
Coccus cerifer Anderson, 1791 ; and C. (C.) janeirensis which was fixed, apparently
by Fernald (1903), as the type-species of the genus. Lindinger's designation (1937)
of chilensis is entirely invalid.

Specimens of the type-species and types, paratypes or other material of nearly all
species known from Africa south of the Sahara have been seen by the present writer.
On the basis of the arrangement of the stigmatic spines, the species are here grouped
in two genera: Ceroplastes and Gascardia. In the former are retained species in
which the spines are disposed in a linear row on either side of the stigmatic clefts
along the margin of the body; in the latter are placed those having the spines set in
more or less compact transverse groups which extend on the dorsum. In species of
Ceroplastes the wax test is divided in a series of plates well recognizable throughout

* These are the tubercle-like pores of authors.

i8o

G. DE LOTTO

FIG. i. Akermes andersoni Newstead.

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA

181

the adult stage; while in those of Gascardia, a few days after the last moult, such
division is not longer discernible and the covering assumes the aspect of a single solid
mass of wax. In both instances there are however some exceptions.

The genus Columnea Targioni-Tozzetti, 1866 (type-species: C. testudiniformis
Targioni-Tozzetti, i866=Coccus rusci Linnaeus, 1758) is a subjective synonym of
Ceroplastes. The genera Ceroplastidia Cockerell, 1910 (type-species: Ceroplastes
bruneri Cockerell, 1902) and Ceroplastina Cockerell, 1910 (type-species: Ceroplastes
lahillei Cockerell, 1910) are very likely subjective synonyms of Gascardia. Both were
originally established as subgenera of Ceroplastes and were raised to generic rank by
MacGillivray (1921). The nomenclatural status of Coccicaccia Amyot, 1847, a name
formed by the union (and mis-spelling) of Coccus cassiae Chavannes, 1848, and
Coccopsidia Amyot, 1847, for Coccus psidii Chavannes, 1848, is uncertain.

Nearly 150 species, varieties or subspecies of Ceroplastes are known up to present
from the literature; the majority of them from tropical or subtropical countries.
The following is an alphabetical list of the forms described or recorded from Africa
south of the Sahara and their synonyms, with notes on their generic assignment.

africanus Green, 1899 .....

africanus cristatus Green, 1899

africanus senegalensis Marchal, 1909

berliniae Hall, 1931 .....

berliniae enkeldoorni Hall, 1931

bipartitus Newstead, 1917 .

brevicauda Hall, 1931 .

— destructor brevicauda Hall, 1931

— luteolus De Lotto, 1955

bussei Newstead, 1906 .....
candela Cockerell, 1902 .....
cerifer auctorum [non Anderson, 1791]* .
combreti Brain, 1920 .....
coniformis Newstead, 1917 .
deceptrix De Lotto, 1965 ....
destructor Newstead, 1917 .
= cerifer auctorum [non Anderson, 1791]*
destructor brevicauda Hall, 1931
egbarum Cockerell, 1899 ....
= africanus cristatus Green, 1899
egbarum fulleri Cockerell, 1902
egbarum rhodesiensis Hall, 1931
erythraeus Leonard!, 1913

eucleae Brain, 1920 .....
ficus Newstead, 1910
= pallidus Brain, 1920
floridensis Comstock, 1881 .
galeatus Newstead, 1911
helichrysi Hall, 1931
helichrysi sinoiae Hall, 1931 .
lamborni Newstead, 1917 ....

* This synonymy applies to East African records only.

= mimosae Signoret, 1872.

= egbarum Cockerell, 1899.

= mimosae Signoret, 1872.

referable to Gascardia.

referable to Gascardia.

transferred to Gascardia.

transferred to Gascardia.

. nomen nudum.

referable to Gascardia.

— destructor Newstead, 1917.

referable to Gascardia.

referable to Gascardia.

here described as Gascardia.

transferred to Gascardia.

= brevicauda Hall, 1931.
referable to Gascardia.

referable to Gascardia.
referable to Gascardia.
referable to Gascardia.
to be retained in Ceroplastes.
retained in Ceroplastes.

retained in Ceroplastes.

. not seen.

referable to Gascardia.
— sinoiae Hall, 1931.

. not seen.

i82 G. DE LOTTO

longicauda Brain, 1920 . . . .... . transferred to Gascardia.

longicauda sapii Hall, 1931 . . . . . referable to Gascardia.

luteolus De Lotto, 1955 ...... = brevicauda Hall, 1931.

mimosae Signoret, 1872 ...... referable to Gascardia.

= africanus Green, 1899

= africanus senegalensis Marchal, 1909

mimosae neghelii Bellio, 1939 ..... referable to Gascardia.

myricae (Linnaeus, 1767) ........ unrecognizable.

pallidus Brain, 1920 ....... = ficus Newstead, 1910.

personatus Newstead, 1898 ......... not seen.

quadrilineatus Newstead, 1910 ..... referable to Gascardia.

quadrilineatus royenae Hall, 1931 . . . . . referable to Gascardia.

quadrilineatus simplex Brain, 1920. .... — simplex Brain, 1920.

rubens Maskell, 1892 ....... retained in Ceroplastes.

rusci (Linnaeus, 1758) . . . . . . to be retained in Ceroplastes.

rusci eugeniae Hall, 1931 . . . . . to be retained in Ceroplastes.

rusticus De Lotto, 1961 . . . . . . transferred to Gascardia.

simplex Brain, 1920 ....... retained in Ceroplastes.

= quadrilineatus simplex Brain, 1920

singularis Newstead, 1910 ......... not seen.

sinoiae Hall, 1931 ....... transferred to Gascardia.

— helichrysi sinoiae Hall, 1931

spicatus Hall, 1937 • • • • • • to be retained in Ceroplastes.

= toddaliae spicatus Hall, 1937

stellifer (Westwood, 1871) . . . type-species of VINSONIA Signoret, 1872.

stenocephalus De Lotto, 1961. ..... transferred to Gascardia.

subdenudatus Newstead, 1917 referable to Gascardia.

subsphaericus Newstead, 1911 ........ not seen.

tachardiaformis Brain, 1920 ...... referable to Gascardia.

theobromae Newstead, 1908 ......... not seen.

toddaliae Hall, 1931 . . . . . . to be retained in Ceroplastes.

toddaliae spicatus Hall, 1937 • • • • • • = spicatus Hall, 193 7-

upacae Hall, 1931 . . . . • • to be retained in Ceroplastes.

uapacae chrysophylli Hall, 1931 . . . . to be retained in Ceroplastes.

ugandae Newstead, 1911 ...... referable to Gascardia.

uvariae Marchal, 1911 ....... referable to Gascardia.

vinsonioides Newstead, 1911 ...... retained in Ceroplastes.

vuilleti Marchal, 1909 . . . . . . . referable to Gascardia.

zonatus Newstead, 1917 . . . . . . referable to Gascardia.

In most wax scales, the study of the morphological structures is greatly hampered
by large distortions of the integument, due in part to the high convexity of the body
and in part to the presence of the caudal process. The strong sclerotization of this
organ, moreover, obstructs the view of a wide area around the genital opening.

Besides the sclerotized caudal process, many species are provided with a series of
dorsal and lateral membranous processes. Altogether eight are recognizable : one on
the dorsum ; one on the head ; and three on either side of the body. These processes
are normally pointed, except in Ceroplastes ficus and apparently in C. simplex in
which they are broad, flat and somewhat dilated at the apex. Conversely in Gascardia
deceptrix, rustica and stenocephala, and in Ceroplastes floridensis, rubens and vinson-
ioides they are obsolete.

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA 183

Two kinds of dorsal pores, here designated pores of the simple or of the modified
type, both having two to four loculi, occur in Ccroplastes and Gascardia. In pores
of the simple type the loculi are oval, semicircular or triangular in shape and often of
different size. In those of the modified type they are circular, all alike and always
separated by a narrow, very elongate opening.

On either side of the ventral surface of the abdomen the body integument is deeply
folded. This feature, called uro-ventral invagination, was found in all species of
Gascardia and Ceroplastes examined so far.

The remaining morphological structures and the terms adopted for them do not
need any particular mention, being common to all soft scales.

The following is a provisional key to the species from Africa south of the Sahara
retained in Ceroplastes and dealt with in the following pages.

1 Dorsal pores of the modified type; tubular ducts with the inner duct greatly

enlarged, and set in a band along the ventral submarginal area of the body

floridensis

Dorsal pores of the simple type; tubular ducts with inner duct slender; when
present the ducts are set in groupings on the fold of the uro-ventral invagination
and on the cephalic area between the antennae only ..... 2

2 (i) Legs with a well developed tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis .... 3

Tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis lacking ....... 4

3 (2) Dorsal setae cylindrical; ventral cephalic area with a group of tubular ducts

between the antennae .......... ficus

Dorsal setae stoutly spiniform and bluntly pointed ; tubular ducts on the cephalic

area wanting ........... simplex

4 (2) Legs very small with tibia and tarsus fused together; stigmatic spines hemi-

spherical ........... rubens

Legs normal; stigmatic spines stoutly conical .... vinsonioides

Ceroplastes ficus Newstead, 1910
(Text-fig. 2)

Ceroplastes ficus Newstead, igioa: 190.
Ceroplastes ficus Newstead; Lindinger, 1913: 80.
Ceroplastes ficus Newstead; Newstead, 19176: 128.
Ceroplastes pallidus Brain, 1920: 33.
Ceroplastes ficus Newstead; Hall, 1931: 294.

Newstead (igioa) first described C. ficus from TANGANYIKA on specimens collected
on Ficus sp., and later (Newstead, 1917^) recorded it from SOUTH AFRICA on Ochra
pulchella* and from GHANA on Annona sp. The species was again described by
Brain (1920) from SOUTH AFRICA under the name of C. pallidus. Hall (1931) after
examining the types of both species came to the conclusion that they are identical,
and sank the name of pallidus in synonymy with ficus. His views are here accepted.

"Test of the adult female more or less hemispherical, thin, semitransparent, hard and brittle,
shaded with horn-coloured greys and browns; the large dorsal area comparatively smooth,
with distinct lines radiating from the central nucleus, the larger ones being widely separated and

* Very likely a mis-spelling for Ochna pulchra Hook. (Ochnaceae).

G. DE LOTTO

FIG. 2. Ceroplastes ficus Newstead.

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA 185

equidistant. Besides these there are also some faint concentric ones visible in some of the
examples. Lateral plates narrowly rectangular, length much greater than width, outer angles
produced and darker than the rest; caudal process triangular, with the angle rounded; anal
valves nude, minute, and only visible under a rather strong magnification. Length 6-6-5 mm. ;
width 5-5-25 mm." (Newstead, igioa).

Mounted specimens 3-5 mm. long. Dorsal membranous process obsolete; cephalic and lateral
ones very conspicuous, flat, broad and somewhat dilated at the apex, as shown in Text-figure 2.
Dorsal setae very small, cylindrical. Dorsal pores of the simple type with two or three loculi.
Setae and pores are lacking on the medio-dorsal area and on the apex of the membranous
processes. Caudal process well developed, triangular but the sclerotization is reduced to a
small area near the apex. Anal opercula 95-125(1. long; each with three longish, robust setae.
Stigmatic spines conical, not appreciably differentiated in size; each group is formed with
25 to 45 spines. Tubular ducts very few on the fold of the uro-ventral invagination and on the
cephalic area between the antennae. Multilocular pores numerous around the genital opening;
a few extend on the preceding abdominal segments. Quinquelocular and cruciform pores
presenting nothing distinctive. Legs rather short otherwise normal, with a well developed
tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis ; ungual digitules attaining the same size and shape ; dimensions
of legs (iii) : trochanter plus icmur 180-205^; tibia plus tarsus 195-210^. Antennae with six or
seven segments; total length 275-340(1.

UGANDA: Kampala, 9^.1958, on Ficus sp. (Moraceae) (G. De Lotto).
Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock, 1881

Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock; Green, 1916: 375.

Once only recorded from ZANZIBAR by Green (1916) on specimens living on Citrus
sp.

The species is promptly separable from those from Africa south of the Sahara
retained in the genus Ceroplastes by the presence of a ventral submarginal band of
tubular ducts, all having the inner duct greatly enlarged. An excellent redescription
and diagram of the species have been published by Ferris (1950).

As pointed out by Green (in Mamet, 1949), C. floridensis is very likely the same
species which Signoret (1872) earlier described from MAURITIUS under the name of
C. vinsonii.

Ceroplastes janeirensis (Gray, 1828)
(Text-fig. 3)

Coccus (Ceroplastes) janeirensis Gray, 1828: 7.
Ceroplastes janeirensis (Gray); Signoret, 1872: 42.
Ceroplastes janeirensis (Gray); Fernald, 1903: 153.

This species was very briefly described by Gray (1828) on specimens found on an
unidentified Solanum in BRAZIL. The following redescription is based on three
mounted young adult females ex Hempel's collection deposited in the British
Museum (Natural History), London.

Mounted specimens i*8-2'9 mm. long. Dorsal and cephalic membranous processes apparently
obsolete; lateral ones poorly developed. Dorsal setae minute, cylindrical. Dorsal pores of the
simple type with two loculi, among which are intermingled a few with three loculi. Setae and

i86

G. DE LOTTO

FIG. 3. Ceroplastes janeirensis (Gray)

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA 187

pores are lacking on the central area of the dorsum and on the apex of the membranous processes.
Caudal process short and stout, strongly sclerotized. Anal opercula 140-155^ long; combined
width no-i45[z. The number and arrangement of the setae on each operculum could not be
seen properly in the material examined, except for a seta socket occurring on the discal area.
Stigmatic spines conical, at times truncate at the apex; variable in size and arranged in elongate
rows, each of which is formed with 30-55 spines. Tubular ducts very few on the fold of the
uro-ventral invagination only. Multilocular pores rather few on the last abdominal segments.
Quinquelocular and cruciform pores as normal in the genus. Legs well developed with a
tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis; ungual digitules not differentiated in size and shape, both
stout and knobbed at the apex; claws with a small denticle; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter
plus femur 180-195^; tibia plus tarsus 200-21510.. Antennae normally y-segmented, total
length 275-315^. Eyes lacking.

BRAZIL: Ypiranga, collecting date and host plant not stated.

This species bears a close morphological resemblance to C. rusci (Linnaeus, 1758).
The latter however differs from janeirensis in having a group of tubular ducts on the
ventral cephalic area between the antennae; six segments to the antennae and in
the absence of the denticle on the claws.

Ceroplastes rubens Maskell, 1893

Ceroplastes rubens Maskell; Newstead, 19176: 129.

Previously known only from ZANZIBAR on Citrus sp. (Newstead, 19176). The
records listed below tend to indicate that, though not common, C. rubens is widely
distributed along the eastern coast of Africa.

The material at hand agrees well with the redescription and diagram of the species
presented by Ferris (in Zimmerman, 1948).

KENYA: Mombasa, 26.1.1960, on Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae) (G. DC
Lotto}.

SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Durban, 15. x. 1961, on Phymatodes scolopendria
(Burm.) Chinq. (Polypodiaceae) (W. Quednau}; 17^.1961, on Barringtonia racemosa
Roxb. (D. P. Annecke).

ZANZIBAR: 13.^.1956, on Cinnamomum sp. (Lauraceae) (R. H. Le Pelley}.

Ceroplastes simplex Brain, 1920 stat. n.
Ceroplastes quadrilineatus simplex Brain, 1920: 33.

Originally described by Brain (1920) as a variety of C. quadrilineatus Newstead,
1911, the insect is here raised to specific rank and retained in Ceroplastes. In
quadrilineatus the stigmatic spines are arranged in fairly compact groups as typical
of the genus Gascardia to which it should be transferred.

A redescription of C. simplex will be presented as soon as supplementary fresh
material is available.

:88

G. DE LOTTO

FIG. 4. Ceroplastes vinsonioides (Newstead)

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA 189

Ceroplastes vinsonioides Newstead, 1911
(Text-fig. 4)

Ceroplastes vinsonioides Newstead, 191 la: 96.
Ceroplastes vinsonioides Newstead; Lindinger, 1913: 82.
Ceroplastes vinsonioides Newstead; Newstead, 1917: 129.

Originally described from UGANDA on specimens living on coffee. Known to
occur in the same country on Baikaea eminii Taub. Lindinger's record from
Tanganyika was also from coffee.

"Test of the adult female: dusky crimson, or brownish with faint tinge of dusky crimson;
anterior margin sometimes paler (possibly pale crimson or pink when fresh) ; form rather broader
than long; flattish above, with central nucleus; sides slightly recurved and projecting, and
radiating from them are four short, thick, elevated arms; the anterior pair sometimes deeply
concave dorsally, and all of them may be tipped with white wax. Test of young adult female :
similar in colour to that of the older examples; flat, with central area slightly raised and
nucleated ; sides with four large and two small arms, the posterior pair shortest and tipped with
greyish wax. . . . Length of old examples, 4-5 mm.; width, 5-6 mm.; height, 1-1*5 nun."
(Newstead, 191 ia). The following redescription is based on a series of newly collected specimens
from Kenya as listed below. Mounted young adult females elliptical in outline, 1*4-2-5 mm. long.
Medio-dorsal and lateral membranous processes not developed. Dorsal setae minute, cylindrical.
Dorsal pores of the simple type with two to four loculi; often one or more pores are fused
together, assuming an irregular shape and having up to five or six loculi. A large medio-dorsal
area, one rounded or elongate area on the head and three on either side of the body are entirely
devoid of setae and pores. Caudal process very short, heavily sclerotized. Anal opercula elongate,
each of which is provided with two subdiscal and one subapical longish setae; length 145-160^;
combined width no-i25(ji. Just in front of the anal opercula there is a transverse group of
10 to 20 small circular clear areas which very likely are homologous with the paraopercular
pores of other soft scales. Stigmatic spines conical with the apex bluntly pointed, somewhat
variable in size. On the dorsum, slightly displaced from the margin of the cleft, is inserted a
large, isolated spine, often bidentate at the apex. Altogether 15 to 30 spines are associated
with the anterior stigmatic clefts ; and 20 to 25 with the posterior ones. Tubular ducts very few
on the fold of the uro-ventral invagination only. Multilocular pores grouped around the genital
opening and preceding abdominal segments. Quinquelocular and cruciform pores as usual in
the genus. Legs normal, without tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis; ungual digitules not
differentiated in shape and size; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter plus femur 125-180^; tibia
plus tarsus 130-190(1. Antennae with six segments, measuring together 190-260^.

KENYA: Nairobi, 7.1.1954, on Strychnos sp. (Loganiaceae) (G. De Lotto)', 24.1.1956,
on Coffea arabica Linn. (Rubiaceae) (R. H. Le Pelley}.

COCCUS Linnaeus, 1758

Coccus Linnaeus, 1758: 455.
Calymmata O. Costa, 1828: 452.
Calypticus O. Costa, 1835: 8.
Lecanium Burmeister, 1835: 69.

Type-species: Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus, 1758.

igo G. DE LOTTO

As I have already pointed out (De Lotto, 1959) the composition of the genus
Coccus is far from satisfactory. Many of the species still referred to it have little or
no affinity at all with the type-species. However no attempt is here made to under-
take a revision.

Altogether 28 species have been recorded or described so far from Africa, south
of the Sahara. In the following provisional key the species are separated without any
implication on their relationship.

1 Legs always present ........... 2

Legs entirely absent. ......... msasae

2 (i) Claws without denticle .......... 3

Claws with a small denticle ......... 25

3 (2) Dorsal setae cylindrical or slightly swollen apically ..... 4

Dorsal setae finely or bluntly pointed. . . . . . . . n

4 (3) Anal opercula very elongate, pyriform, with the anterior lateral margin about

twice as long as the posterior lateral one ..... mangiferae

Anal opercula roughly quadrate or, if elongate, with the anterior lateral margin

somewhat shorter than the posterior lateral one ..... 5

5 (4) Dorsal setae of different size; ventral tubular ducts entirely absent acutissimus

Dorsal setae all attaining the same size; ventral tubular ducts, though at times

strongly reduced in number, always present ...... 6

6 (5) Paraopercular pores numerous, large, nearly spherical, and set in a loose elongate

group on the median and submedian dorsal areas as far as the head . subacutus
Paraopercular pores, when present, small, flattish or conical and arranged in a

small group in front of the anal opercula only ...... 7

7 (6) With a supplementary group of tubular ducts near the attachment of each

antenna ........... asiaticus

Without tubular ducts near the attachment of the antennae .... 8

8 (7) With a few tubular ducts on either side of the genital opening only; tibio-tarsal

articulatory sclerosis missing ........ viridulus

With groupings of tubular ducts near the attachment of one or all legs;

articulatory sclerosis well developed ....... 9

9 (8) Dorsum with a submarginal row of altogether 24-26 tubular ducts . tnoestus

Tubular ducts on the dorsum entirely absent . . . . . . 10

10 (9) Antennae with 8 segments; tubular ducts crowded near the attachment of all

legs ............ alpinus

Antennae 7-segmented; tubular ducts associated with middle and hind legs

only ............ viridis

11 (3) Anal opercula together oval, with lateral margins fused and forming a

continuous curve . . . . . . . . . . .12

Anal opercula roughly quadrate . . . . . . . . 13

12 (11) Stigmatic clefts with 20 or more spines ...... adersi

Stigmatic clefts with 3 spines only ...... bicruciatus

13 (n) Ventral tubular ducts present ......... 14

Tubular ducts entirely lacking . . . . . . ... 20

14 (13) Antennae with 8 segments ......... 15

Antennae with 7 segments ......... 18

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA 191

15 (14) Pale areas of the dorsal dermis large and close together near the margin and

tending to be smaller and set rather widely apart near the centre of the body 16
Dorsal pale areas not differentiated in size and uniformly distributed aethiopicus

1 6 (15) With a few ventral tubular ducts scattered on the marginal and submarginal

area of the abdomen ; multilocular pores crowded around the genital opening

only ............ africanus

Ventral tubular ducts set in a loose marginal and submarginal band all around
the body; multilocular pores extending in transverse rows on all preceding
abdominal segments .......... 17

17 (16) With groupings of tubular ducts near the attachment of all legs and extending

across the median area of the thorax ...... celatus

Tubular ducts on the median area of the thorax and near the attachment of

legs absent ........... consimilis

1 8 (14) With a small group of tubular ducts about the genital opening only

subhemisphaericus
Tubular ducts set in groupings near the attachment of the legs and tending to

extend across the median area of the thorax . . . . . . 19

19 (18) Legs with a tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis; marginal setae short and slender

hesperidum
Tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis absent ; marginal setae fairly long and robust

stnaragdinus

20 (13) Paraopercular pores arranged in an elongate group in front of the anal opercula 21

Paraopercular pores lacking ........ sordidus

21 (20) Multilocular pores few about the genital opening and preceding abdominal

segment ........... 22

Multilocular pores extending in loose transverse rows on all preceding segments 23

22 (21) Marginal setae slender and finely pointed or slightly frayed at the apex . elongatus

Marginal setae stout and slightly swollen apically . . pseudelongatus

23 (21) Dorsum with numerous long setae arranged in three longitudinal fringes . oculatus

Dorsal longitudinal fringes of setae absent ....... 24

24 (23) Paraopercular pores in a group of 22-34 ..... rhodesiensis

Paraopercular pores 3 to 9 altogether. ...... ehretiae

25 (2) Tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis absent; stigmatic clefts with 2 spines only . 22

Legs with a tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis ; stigmatic clefts with 3 spines . 67

26 (25) Marginal setae small, spiniform ; dorsum with a median longitudinal chitinized

band extending as far as the head ...... durbanensis

Marginal setae cylindrical ; dorsal longitudinal chitinized band absent . proteae

27 (25) Marginal setae slender, cylindrical ....... anneckei

Marginal setae flattened and frayed at the apex ..... cajani

Coccus aethiopicus De Lotto, 1959

Lecanium (Coccus) viride Green; Newstead, 19176: 130 [misidentification].
Lecanium africanum Newstead; Brain, 1920: 4 [misidentification].
Coccus aethiopicus De Lotto, 1959: 156.
Coccus aethiopicus De Lotto; De Lotto, 1960: 401.

NORTHERN RHODESIA: Lusaka, 6. ¥1.1963, on Coffea sp. (Rubiaceae) (C.J.
Hodgson) .

IQ2 G. DE LOTTO

Coccus alpinus De Lotto, 1960

Lecanium africanum Newstead; Newstead, 1917: 357 [misidentification].
Coccus africanus (Newstead) De Lotto, 19570: 296 [misidentification].
Coccus alpinus De Lotto, 1960: 393.

ETHIOPIA: Harar, 19. xi. 1961, on Coffea sp. (Rubiaceae) (B. G. Hill). Alemaya,
3.11.1964, on Carissa edulis (Apocynaceae) (B. G. Hill}.

Coccus elongatus (Signoret, 1874)

Lecanium elongatum Signoret; Newstead, 191 ia: 92.

Lecanium acaciae Newstead, 1917: 355.

Lecanium elongatum Signoret; Brain, 1920: 5.

Lecanium wistariae Brain, 1920: 8. [non Signoret, 1874].

Lecanium kraunhiarum Lindinger, 1928: 107. [«.«.].

Lecanium elongatum Signoret; Hall, 1935: 74.

Coccus elongatus (Signoret) Strickland, 1947: 499.

Coccus elongatus (Signoret); De Lotto, ig^ja: 301.

Parthenolecanium wistaricola Borchsenius, 1957: 349 [n.n.] syn. n.

Coccus elongatus (Signoret); De Lotto, 1959: 160.

To the list of synonyms of this species should be added Parthenolecanium
wistaricola, a new name proposed by Borchsenius (1957) for Lecanium wistariae
Brain, 1920 [non Signoret, 1874]. The species had already been re-named by
Lindinger (1928) as Lecanium kraunhiarum.

Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus, 1758

Lecanium minimum pinicola Maskell, 1897: 310.

Lecanium hesperidum (Linnaeus); Newstead, 1906: 71.

Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus; Sanders, 1909: 436.

Lecanium hesperidum (Linnaeus); Newstead, igioa: 187.

Lecanium hesperidum (Linnaeus); Newstead, 1911: 164.

Lecanium hesperidum (Linnaeus); Vayssiere, 1913: 430.

Lecanium hesperidum (Linnaeus); Lindinger, 1913: 82.

Lecanium punctuliferum Green; Lindinger, 1913: 83.

Lecanium hesperidum (Linnaeus); Green, 1916: 375.

Lecanium (Coccus) hesperidum (Linnaeus); Newstead, 19176: 130.

Lecanium hesperidum (Linnaeus); Brain, 1920: 3.

Lecanium (Coccus) hesperidum (Linnaeus); Ghesquiere, 1927: 314.

Lecanium hesperidum (Linnaeus) ; Hall, 1935 : 74.

Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus; De Lotto, 1959: 160.

ETHIOPIA: Alemaya, I7.viii.i96o, on Citrus sp. (Rutaceae); I3.xi.i963, on Carica
papaya Linn. (Passifloraceae) ; i8.xii.i963, on Ceiba pentandra (Linn.) Gaertn.
(Bombacaceae) ; 1.^.1964, on Agave sp. (Amaryllidaceae) (B. G. Hill).

NORTHERN RHODESIA: Mazabuka, 21. ¥1.1963, on Citrus sp. (Rutaceae) (C. /.
Hodgson) .

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA 193

Coccus smaragdinus sp. n.

(Text-fig. 5)

Fully mature adult females not seen. Young adult ones elongate, flattish; evenly light green
in colour. Mounted specimens elliptical in outline, 1-8-2-8 mm. long. Dorsal dermis without
areolate or reticulate pale areas; apparently its sclerotization begins from the margin and
progressively extends towards the centre of the dorsum. Dorsal pores minute, circular, numerous.
Dorsal setae slender, finely pointed; all attaining the same size and distributed without any
pattern. Paraopercular pores flat, with a granulate surface, set in an elongate, loose group of
10-25 m front of the anal opercula. Submarginal pores 6-9 altogether. Anal opercula together
roughly quadrate, with two or three small, slender apical setae ; discal seta lacking ; outer angle
pointed; posterior lateral margin broadly rounded; length 117-1 24^; combined width 124-139(1.
Marginal setae robust, flattened and deeply frayed at the apex; length 29-44(1; 20 to 29 setae
occur between the anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts. Stigmatic spines three; median
40-50(1; laterals 15-22(1. Multilocular pores few about the genital opening only. Quinquelocular
pores set in bands one or two pores wide. Tubular ducts arranged in small groups near the
attachment of all legs and extending across the median area of the meso- and metathorax. Legs
well developed without tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis; ungual digitules not differentiated in
form and size; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter plus femur 146-161(1; tibia plus tarsus
153-182(1. Antennae y-segmented with a pseudoarticulation on the fourth segment; total
length 292-328(1. Fold of the anal invagination with altogether four setae.

KENYA: Nairobi, 18.1.1961, $ holotype and n $$ paratypes collected on branches
of Strychnos sp. (Loganiaceae) (G. De Lotto). — Coll. No. 2568.

The holotype and seven paratypes have been deposited in the British Museum
(Natural History), London; and three paratypes in the U.S. National Collection of
Coccoidea, Washington, D.C.

EUCALYMNATUS Cockerell, 1901
Eucalymnatus Cockerell, in Cockerell & Parrott, 1901 : 57.
Type-species: Lecanium tessellatum Signoret, 1873.

This genus was originally introduced as a section of Coccus, and raised to generic
rank by Cockerell himself (1902^). The conspicuous tessellated pattern of the dorsal
derm is the main distinctive feature in which Eucalymnatus differs from Coccus.
In all other characters the two genera are identical.

A redescription and a diagram of the type-species have been presented by Ferris
(in Zimmerman, 1948).

Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret, 1873)

Lecanium tessellatum Signoret; Lindinger, 1913: 83.
Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret); Mamet, 1956: 136.

Previous records of this species are from TANGANYIKA (Lindinger, 1913) and from
ZANZIBAR (Mamet, 1956). Its area of distribution in East Africa is apparently
restricted to the coastal districts and offshore islands.

KENYA: Gazi, 24.11.1951, on Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae) (R. H. Le
Pelley}.

194

G. DE LOTTO

FIG. 5. Coccus smaragdinus sp. n.

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA 195

GASCARDIA Targioni-Tozzetti, 1893
Gascardia Targioni-Tozzetti, in Gascard, 1893: 88.

Type-species: Gascardia madagascariensis Targioni-Tozzetti, 1893.

The monotypic genus Gascardia has nothing in common with the lac insects into
which Targioni-Tozzetti originally placed it. As it has been pointed out by Newstead
(1908), who presented a fairly detailed redescription of the type-species, the genus is
morphologically related to Ceroplastes.

In the writer's opinion Gascardia is a good genus, to be used for the inclusion of
those wax scales having the stigmatic spines set in more or less compact groups
which extend from the stigmatic clefts towards the dorsum.

The species reviewed in the present paper can be separated by using the following
provisional key:

1 Dorsal setae spiniform or conical. ........ 2

Dorsal setae cylindrical .......... 6

2 (i) Legs with a tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis ...... 3

Tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis lacking ...... rustica

3 (2) Medio-dorsal and lateral membranous processes not developed; ventral tubular

ducts entirely absent ........ stenocephala

Membranous processes well developed; tubular ducts set in groupings on the

uro-ventral invagination and on the cephalic area between the antennae . 4

4 (3) Multilocular pores extending in transverse rows on all abdominal segments

anterior to the genital opening ........ 5

Multilocular pores on the first abdominal segments lacking . . . longicauda

5 (4) Caudal process short and conical; stigmatic spines set in groups of 15 to 25 sinoiae

Caudal process rather long and nearly cylindrical in shape; stigmatic spines in

groups of 60-80 .......... bipartita

6 (i) Dorsal pores of the simple type ........ deceptrix

Dorsal pores of the modified type ........ 7

7 (6) Caudal process short .......... brevicauda

Caudal process long and very stout ....... destructor

Gascardia bipartita (Newstead, 1917) comb. n.
(Text-fig. 6)

Ceroplastes bipartitus Newstead, 19170 : 25.
Ceroplastes bipartitus Newstead; Brain, 1920: 26.
Ceroplastes bipartitus Newstead; Hall, 1931: 293.

First described from SOUTH AFRICA from an unknown plant (Newstead, 19170)
and later recorded by Hall (1931) from SOUTHERN RHODESIA. Brain's record (1920)
did not introduce any new information about the distribution of the species and its
host plants. According to Hall, in the specimens from Southern Rhodesia the spines
associated with the stigmatic clefts were fewer, and the caudal process longer than
in Newstead's types.

ig6 G. DE LOTTO

"Female test. Colour, in dried specimens, very like pale dirty beeswax. In the young adults
the test is broadly oval, somewhat hemispherical and divided into nine plates: three bilateral,
one cephalic, one anal and one dorsal, the last-named with a conspicuous dark brown or blackish,
oval spot, with a central elongate patch of pure white wax ; the nuclear spots to the lateral plates
are smaller and generally much less conspicuous than the dorsal one. Margin over the stigmatic
areas with a pair of laterally compressed and somewhat disc-shaped extensions, each extension
carrying on its edge a narrow strip of opaque white wax, the tip of which sometimes reaches the
dark nuclear spot of the lateral thoracic plate. In very old examples the test has increased in
thickness considerably, but this has been so much damaged in transit as to render it useless
for descriptive purposes; however, one can trace the curious marginal extensions, which are
somewhat like a narrow-waisted and distorted bobbin, or the toy in the once popular game
"diabolo". Average length of young adults, 3 mm.; height, 1-6-2 mm.; average length of old
adults, 6 mm.; height doubtful (Newstead, loc. cit.). The following redescription is based on
three newly collected specimens which were compared with Newstead's paratypes, with which
they agree well, except in that the stigmatic spines tend to be more numerous. Mounted
specimens 3-5-4-2 mm. long. Medio-dorsal and lateral membranous processes fairly well
developed. Dorsal setae very small, spiniform. Dorsal pores of the modified type with two
or three loculi. Caudal process strongly sclerotized, subcylindrical, attaining about one fourth
of the total length of the body. Anal opercula 145-160^ long; each with three longish but rather
slender setae. Stigmatic spines somewhat variable in size, all conical and bluntly pointed at the
apex; each stigmatic group is composed of 60 to 80 spines. Tubular ducts set in small groupings
on the fold of the uro-ventral invagination and on the cephalic area between the antennae.
Multilocular pores numerous around the genital opening and extending in loose transverse rows
on all preceding abdominal segments. Quinquelocular and cruciform pores presenting nothing
distinctive. Legs short, otherwise normal, with a well developed tibio-tarsal articulatory
sclerosis ; ungual digitules attaining the same size and shape ; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter
plus femur 180-205^1; tibia plus tarsus 210-235^. Antennae 6-segmented with a pseudoarticula-
tion on the third segment; total length 370-395^..

SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Magoebaskloof, no date, on Croton sylvaticus Hochst.
(Euphorbiaceae) (/. H. Grobler).

Gascardia brevicauda (Hall, 1931) comb. n.
(Text-fig. 7)

Ceroplastes destructor brevicauda Hall, 1931: 293.
Ceroplastes brevicauda Hall; De Lotto, 1955: 267.
Ceroplastes luteolus De Lotto, 1955: 268 syn. n.

This wax scale was briefly described by Hall (loc. cit.} as a variety of Ceroplastes
destructor Newstead, 1917, on material collected in SOUTHERN RHODESIA on Citrus
aurantium Linn., Toddalia asiatica Lam. ( = T. aculeata Pers.) and Cedrela toona
Roxbg. It has been raised to specific rank by the present writer (De Lotto, 1955).
Under the name of Ceroplastes luteolus De Lotto, 1955, the species was again described
from KENYA on specimens living on Coffea arabica Linn., Citrus maxima Merrill and
Markhamia platycalyx (Baker) Sprague. A re-examination of the types of both
species and the study of supplementary material from the same countries and other
parts of Africa led to the conclusion that the small differences originally observed
in luteolus come within the range of variation of brevicauda and do not warrant the
recognition of a distinct species. The name of luteolus is therefore sunk as a synonym
of brevicauda.

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA

197

FIG. 6. Gascardia bipartita (Newstead)

ig8 G. DE LOTTO

Test of the living adult female at the beginning of the stage strongly convex, with a deep
submarginal depression; test not divided in plates; centre of the dome with a minute elongate
white boss; wax very soft; colour uniformly pure white to light creamy yellow, with four bands
of opaque white wax arising from the stigmatic clefts. In old adults the submarginal depression
is almost obliterated and the test is hemispherical or nearly so. Very young mounted adult
females i-y-2'5 mm. long. Dorsal setae minute, cylindrical. Dorsal pores of the modified type,
with two or three small circular loculi. Both setae and pores are missing on the apex of the
medio-dorsal and lateral membranous processes. Caudal process short, stout, strongly
sclerotized. Anal opercula each with three robust subdiscal setae; length 140-160(1; combined
width I2o-i35(j.. Stigmatic spines conical, bluntly rounded at the apex and variable in size;
18 to 30 spines are associated with each anterior stigmatic cleft; 20 to 35 with the posterior ones.
Tubular ducts set in a small group on the fold of the uro-ventral invagination. Multilocular
pores numerous about the genital opening and last abdominal segments. Quinquelocular and
cruciform pores presenting nothing distinctive. Legs short otherwise normal; tibio-tarsal
articulatory sclerosis lacking; one of the ungual digitules stout, the opposite slender; both are
knobbed at the apex; dimensions of legs (hi) : trochanter plus femur 75-95(1; tibia plus tarsus
85-105(1. Antennae 6-segmented; total length 200-220(1.

Additional records of the species from Africa south of the Sahara, are :
ANGOLA: Luanda*, on Coffea stenophylla Don. (Rubiaceae) (A. P. da Fonseca).

ERITREA: Asmara, on Nerium oleander Linn. (Apocynaceae) and Schinus molle
Linn. (Anacardiaceae) (G. De Lotto). Material identified by Dr. W. ]. Hall.

KENYA: Nairobi, on Acokanthera longiflora Stapf (Apocynaceae) (G. De Lotto}.
Ruiru, on Citrus aurantium Linn. (Rutaceae) and Coffea arabica Linn. (T. J. Crowe).

SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Zebediela, 15.^.1962, on Citrus sp. (C. J. Cilliers).
Nelspruit, i.x.i963, on Citrus sp. (D. P. Annecke).

SOUTHERN RHODESIA: Hatfield, on Bidens pilosa Linn. (Compositae) (W. J. Hall).

UGANDA: South Bugishu, on Coffea arabica Linn. (D. N. McNutt). Kampala, on
Coffea robusta Lindl. (D. N. McNutt).

The remarkable reduction in size of the caudal process and the smaller number of
spines associated with the stigmatic clefts are the main characters by which G.
brevicauda can be distinguished from the very closely allied G. destructor (Newstead,
1917).

The species seems to be widely distributed in Africa south of the Sahara. Reports
received by the writer tend to indicate that in some areas the species may rank as a
pest of some economic importance.

Gascardia cerifera (Anderson, 1791) comb. n.

Records of this species from UGANDA and TANGANYIKA (Lindinger, 1907 and 1913;
Newstead, 1910; igioa and 1911) are to be understood as misidentifications of
G. destructor (Newstead, 1917). Anderson's species does not occur in East Africa.

* Owing to an accidental oversight, the dates of collection of some records based on material studied
and deposited at the Scott Agricultural Laboratories, Nairobi, cannot be supplied.

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA

%?/ €

» * « ^

1 99

FIG. j. Gascardia brevicauda (Hall).

200 G. DE LOTTO

Gascardia deceptrix sp. n.

(Text-fig. 8)

Young adult females moderately convex, elliptical, about 3 mm. long; wax test thin, fairly
hard and brittle, not divided into plates ; dorsum with a small depression at the centre of which
is a minute elongate opaque white boss ; colour semitransparent white ; lateral margin with two
narrow bands of snow-white wax arising from the stigmatic clefts. Full grown adult females
not seen. Mounted young females broadly rounded behind and tapering in front; length
i -4-1 -7 mm. Medio-dorsal and lateral membranous processes absent. Dorsal setae minute,
cylindrical. Dorsal pores of the simple type with two to four loculi. Setae and pores are evenly
scattered, except on the centre where they tend to be less numerous. Caudal process rather
short and stout. Anal opercula each with three long, robust setae on the discal area, and a small
slender one on the apex; length 125-140^. Stigmatic spines stoutly conical and bluntly pointed ;
somewhat variable in size. Anterior groups formed by 35 to 50 spines; the posterior ones
by 30 to 45. Few tubular ducts are scattered on the fold of the uro-ventral invagination and on
the submarginal area of the meso- and, occasionally, metathorax; a group of ducts occurs on
the cephalic area between the antennae. Multilocular pores numerous around the genital
opening; a few pores are scattered on the preceding abdominal segments. Quinquelocular and
cruciform pores presenting nothing distinctive in their arrangement. Legs normal, without
tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis; ungual digitules not appreciably differentiated in shape and
size; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter plus femur 110-140^; tibia plus tarsus 155-17010..
Antennae with six or seven segments; total length 225-255^.

SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Clanwilliam District, 17. ¥.1962, $ holotype and
4 $$ paratypes collected on branches of Rhus undulata Jacq. (Anacardiaceae) (/.
Munting). — Coll. No. 2792.

The holotype and one paratype have been deposited in the British Museum
(Natural History), London; two paratypes in the South African National Collection
of Insects, Pretoria; and one paratype in the U.S. National Collection of Coccoidea,
Washington, D.C.

This species closely resembles G. rustica (De Lotto, 1961) but differs in having the
dorsal pores of the simple type, the dorsal setae cylindrical, and in the absence of
tubular ducts in the midregion of the abdomen.

Gascardia destructor (Newstead, 1917) comb. n.
(Text-fig. 9)

Ceroplastes cerifer (Anderson); Lindinger, 1907: 359 [misidentification] .
Ceroplastes ceriferus (Anderson); Newstead, 1910: 66 [misidentification].
Ceroplastes ? ceriferus (Anderson); Newstead, igioa: 195 [misidentification].
Ceroplastes ceriferus (Anderson); Newstead, 1911: 167 [misidentification].
Ceroplastes cerifer (Anderson); Lindinger, 1913: 80 [misidentification].
Ceroplastes destructor Newstead, 191 ja: 26.
Ceroplastes destructor Newstead; Brain, 1920: 28.
Ceroplastes destructor Newstead; Hall, 1931 : 293.
Ceroplastes destructor Newstead; Strickland, 1947: 498.

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA

FIG. 8. Gascardia deceptrix sp. n.

202 G. DE LOTTO

"Female test white, creamy white or dirty white; exceedingly soft and containing an excess
of moisture. Form irregular, with large but ill-defined gibbose protuberances; sides normally
with two narrow opaque lines of secretion from the stigmatic clefts. No trace of lateral plates.
Length 5-8 mm." (Newstead, 19170). Young mounted adult females 3-5 mm. long. Dorsal
setae very small, cylindrical. Dorsal pores of the modified type with two or three small circular
loculi. Setae and pores are missing on the apical area of the medio-dorsal and lateral membranous
processes. Caudal process fairly long, attaining about one-third of the total length of the insect ;
very stout and strongly chitinized. Anal opercula 130-170^ long; each bearing three longish,
robust setae. Stigmatic spines conical, bluntly rounded at the apex, not appreciably differen-
tiated in size, except one, normally the most external in position, which is about twice as large
as the remaining spines ; 35 to 85 spines are associated with the anterior stigmatic clefts ; 40 to
90 with the posterior ones. Tubular ducts not numerous and set in an irregular group on the fold
of the uro- ventral invagination. MultiJocular pores very abundant about the genital opening and
last abdominal segments. Quinquelocular and cruciform pores as normal. Legs short, without
tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis; one of the ungual digitules slender; the opposite stout; both
knobbed at the apex; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter plus femur So-ioopt; tibia plus tarsus
85-1 iO(x. Antennae with six segments; total length 195-250^.

A

CONGO: Rutshuru, 15.11.1958, on Coffea arabica Linn. (Rubiaceae) (D\ J. McCrae).

KENYA: Nairobi, I2.viii.i953, on Gymnosporia sp. (Celastraceae) (G. De Lotto).
Kisii, 20^.1954, on Citrus sp. (Rutaceae) (T. J. Crowe).

MOZAMBIQUE: Vila Pery, March 1962, on Citrus maxima Merrill (D. P. Annecke).

SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Grahamstown, March 1962, on Citrus sp. (D. P.
Annecke). Transvaal, Naboomspruit, 19. x. 1961, on Psidium guajava Linn.
(Myrtaceae) (D. P. Annecke). Buffelspoort, July 1962, on Poncirus trifoliata (Linn.)
Raf. (Rutaceae) (/. Hunting).

UGANDA: Entebbe, 2.vii.i954, on Coffea robusta Lindl. (W. R. Ingram).

The close resemblance of the wax test of this species to that of G. cerifera very
likely accounts for the misidentifications of earlier authors. In slide mountings the
two species may easily be distinguished from the shape of the caudal process, which
in cerifera is very slender, nearly cylindrical, while in destructor it is stoutly conical.

Gascardia longicauda (Brain, 1920) comb. n.
(Text-fig. 10)

Ceroplastes longicauda Brain, 1920: 31.

"Adult female covered with a very thick layer of soft, white wax forming a test like a large
ceriferus specimen, i.e., a little more elevated than egbarum. Largest specimen seen measured
1 8 mm. long, u mm. wide and 12 mm. high; marginal area prominent, forming a wide fold at
the base of the central dome. The waxy appendages from the stigmatic clefts only project
slightly from the main mass of the fold." (Brain, loc. cit.). In young living specimens observed
in Kenya the wax covering was whitish with the dome suffused by a light mauve tinge, which
turned to white or dirty white at full maturity.

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA

203

FIG. 9. Gascardia destructor (Newstead)

204 G. DE LOTTO

The following redescription is based on three paratypes deposited in the South
African National Collection of Insects, Pretoria, and on a series of young mounted
specimens from Kenya as listed below.

Mounted specimens 4-5-6-5 mm. long. Dorsal pores of the modified type, with two or three
small circular loculi. Dorsal setae minute, spiniform and finely pointed. Setae and pores are
distributed all over the dorsum, except on the apex of the medio-dorsal and lateral membranous
processes, where they are entirely lacking. Caudal process very strongly sclerotized, slender and
attaining about two thirds of the length of the body. Anal opercula 125-130^ long; each
opercula is provided with one discal, one subdiscal and one apical seta; all robust and finely
pointed. Stigmatic spines slightly variable in size, conical and bluntly rounded apically; each
group is built up with 35-55 spines. Tubular ducts set in a small group on the fold of the uro-
ventral invagination ; at times a few ducts occur on the median cephalic area just in front of the
attachment of the antennae. Multilocular pores numerous about the genital opening and last
abdominal segments. Quinquelocular and cruciform pores arranged as usual. Legs all short
otherwise normal, with a well developed tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis; ungual digitules
not differentiated in shape and size, both stout and knobbed at the apex; dimensions of legs
(iii) : trochanter plus femur 175-190(1.; tibia plus tarsus 205-215^. Antennae with six segments,
with one or two pseudoarticulations on the third*; total length 255-335^.

KENYA: Nairobi, 2.ix.ig5i and 17. ¥.1954, on Jacaranda mimosaefolia D. Don
(Bignoniaceae) (G. De Lotto).

SOUTH AFRICA: Natal coast, July 1915, on stems of a native shrub (G. Fuller}.—
Coll. No. C.K.B. 334 (type-series).

This species comes close to Gascardia cerifera (Anderson, 1791) but differs in
having the dorsal setae spiniform and all legs with a well developed articulatory
sclerosis between the tarsus and tibia. Furthermore in longicauda the caudal process
is longer and stouter than in cerifera.

The var. sapii described by Hall (1931) from Southern Rhodesia on specimens
collected on Sapium sp. (Euphorbiaceae) is strongly suspected to be identical
with longicauda. However no final conclusion about its identity could be reached,
owing to the very poor condition of the two paratypes seen.

Gascardia rustica (De Lotto, 1961) comb. n.

Ceroplastes rusticus De Lotto, 1961 : 318.

SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Grahamstown, 28.x. 1961, on Selago corymbosa
Linn. (Scrophulariaceae) (D. P. Annecke).

Gascardia sinoiae (Hall, 1931) comb. n.
(Text-fig, n)

Ceroplastes helichrysi sinoiae Hall, 1931 : 296.

Very briefly described by Hall (1931) as a variety of Ceroplastes helichrysi Hall,
1931, on specimens collected on Ficus sp. in SOUTHERN RHODESIA. The morpholo-
gical differences between the two forms discussed below fully warrant, in my opinion,
the erection of var. sinoiae to specific rank.

* In all specimens examined, including the three paratypes, none of the antennae was found with
7 or 8 segments, as stated by Brain in his original description.

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA

205

FIG. 10. Gascardia longicauda (Brain).

206 G. DE LOTTO

Test of full grown adult female hemispherical, not divided in plates, with a shallow medio-
dorsal depression at the centre of which is situated a minute elongate boss ; wax evenly white in
colour; average dimensions: 8 mm. long; 8 mm. wide; 6 mm. high. Mounted young adult
females 1-4-1 -9 mm. Medio-dorsal and lateral membranous processes well developed. Dorsal
setae small, conical, with tip bluntly pointed. Dorsal pores of the modified type, with two or
three circular loculi. Both setae and pores are missing on the apical area of the membranous
processes. Caudal process rather short, stout to very stout; strongly sclerotized. Anal opercula
elongate, each with three longish, robust setae; length 145-155^; combined width 120-130^.
Stigmatic spines slightly variable in size, all conical and rounded apically; 15 to 20 spines occur
on the anterior stigmatic clefts; 20 to 25 on the posterior one. Tubular ducts set in small groups
on the fold of the uro-ventral invagination and on the cephalic area between the attachment of
the antennae. Multilocular pores numerous around the genital opening and extending in irregular
transverse rows on all preceding abdominal segments. Quinquelocular and cruciform pores as
normal. Legs well developed with a large tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis; ungual digitules not
differentiated in shape and size ; both stout and knobbed at the apex ; dimensions of legs (iii) :
trochanter plus femur 220-225^; tibia plus tarsus 215-230^. Antennae with six segments;
total length 285-325^.

SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Pretoria, 9^.1963, on Jacaranda mimosaefolia D.
Don. (Bignoniaceae) (E. C. G. Bedford); 8.vii.i963, on Ficus burkei Miq. (Moraceae)
(E. G. G. Bedford); 7.^.1964, on Hypericum revolutum Vahl (Guttiferae) (G. De
Lotto).

This species actually bears a close resemblance to helichrysi, but differs in that
all legs are provided with a well developed tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis and the
dorsal setae are stoutly spiniform. Furthermore, as indicated by Hall (1931), the
ungual digitules are of equal size and shape.

Gascardia stenocephala (De Lotto, 1961) comb. n.

Ceroplastes stenocephalus De Lotto, 1961 : 320.

In the diagram accompanying the original description of this species, the body
structures on the ventral midregion of the abdomen are not clearly visible. A new
diagram is presented in Text-fig. 12.

KILIFIA n. n.

Platy 'coccus Takahashi, 1959: 75 [non Stickney, 1934]

Type-species: Lecanium acuminatum Signoret, 1873.

The name Platycoccus was first made available in our nomenclature by Stickney
(1934) for a genus of the diaspidid subfamily Phoenicococcinae. For Takahashi's
genus Platycoccus the new name of Kilifia is here proposed.

In the writer's opinion the peculiar enlargement of the middle and hind legs and
the shape of the anal opercula afford enough ground for the separation of Kilifia
from Coccus. On the basis of the form of the anal opercula, Steinweden (1929)
included Lecanium acuminatum in the genus Protopulvinaria Cockerell, 1894 (type-
species: Pulvinaria pyriformis Cockerell, 1894). The latter however differs from
Kilifia in having all legs normally developed and in the presence of a ventral sub-
marginal band of tubular ducts.

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA

207

FIG. ii. Gascardia sinoiae (Hall).

208 G. DE LOTTO

Besides the type-species and K. deltoides here described as new, the genus Kilifia
should include Coccus diversipes Cockerell, 1905, from the Philippine Islands. The
following key to the species has been tentatively constructed from characters of
acuminata and diversipes discussed by Ferris (in: Zimmerman, 1948).

1 Dorsum with a band of small 8-shaped pores extending as far as the head diversipes

Dorsal median band of 8-shaped pores lacking; paraopercular pores, if present,

set in small group in front of the anal opercula only ..... 2

2 (i) Tibia of middle and hind legs with a well developed spur-like membranous

process ........... deltoides

Spur-like process on middle and hind tibiae lacking .... acuminata

According to Williams (1963) Lecanium wardi Newstead, 1917, which Ferris
(loc. cit.} considered closely related to K. acuminata, is a synonym of Coccus
mangiferae (Green, 1889).

Kilifia acuminata (Signoret, 1873) comb. n.

Lecanium acuminatum Signoret, 1873: 397.
Lecanium acuminatum Signoret; Atkinson, 1889: 8.
Lecanium acuminatum Signoret; Maskell, 1893: 219.
Lecanium acuminatum Signoret; Green, 1904: 195.
Protopulvinaria acuminata (Signoret) Steinweden, 1929: 223.
Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus; Lindinger, 1935: 138.
Coccus acuminatus (Signoret) ; Ferris, in Zimmerman, 1948 : 294.
Platy coccus acuminatus (Signoret); Takahashi, 1959: 76.

There is strong evidence that the species currently referred to under this name is
not that actually described by Signoret as Lecanium acuminatum from orchids in
greenhouses in Luxemburg. Signoret, who to a large extent based the diagnoses
of the several species of Lecanium dealt with by him on the form and segmentation
of legs and antennae, said nothing about the unusual development of the middle and
hind legs so peculiar in this species. In a small diagram showing the ventral view of
the adult female he presented on plate xi, fig. i, all legs look subequal.

Identifications of L. acuminatum by later authors from the Hawaiian Islands
(Maskell, 1893) and Ceylon (Atkinson, 1889; Green, 1904) merely rested on the
outline of the body and shortness of the tarsi.

Without giving any reason for doing so, Lindinger (1935) sank Signoret's species
in synonymy with C. hesperidum Linnaeus, 1758. His action can hardly be confuted
because the types do not exist any longer.

Kilifia deltoides sp. n.

(Text-fig. 13)

Young living adults flat, emerald-green in colour, with some black or very dark brown minute
dots set in irregular radiating rows near the margin of the body ; old adults flattish, colour evenly
dark brown. Mounted specimens broadly oval in outline, often asymmetric, 1-2 mm. long.
Chitinization of the dorsal dermis apparently uniform. Dorsal pores small, elliptical, with two

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA

209

FIG. 12. Gascardia stenocephala (De Lotto)

210 G. DE LOTTO

loculi. Dorsal setae small, cylindrical. Both pores and setae are arranged in a fairly regular
reticulated pattern, except on the marginal and median areas where they are entirely lacking;
among them are intermingled numerous minute simple pores. Paraopercular pores small, flat,
with a granulate surface, set in an elongate group of 33-36 along the median area in front of the
anal opercula. Submarginal pores 5 to 9 altogether. Anal opercula elongate; anterior and
posterior lateral margins straight; each operculum bears one subapical and three apical small,
slender setae; length 167-182^; combined width 117-131^. Marginal setae flattened and deeply
branched at the apex, 14-18^ long; 23 to 31 setae occur between the anterior and posterior
stigmatic clefts. Stigmatic spines three; median 13-16^; laterals 4-5[A. Multilocular pores
arranged in two small groups on the submedian area just caudad to the genital opening.
Quinquelocular pores associated with the stigmatic openings set in bands one or two pores wide.
Tubular ducts entirely lacking. Legs with a fairly well developed tibio-tarsal articulatory
sclerosis ; ungual digitules not differentiated in shape and size, both stout and apically knobbed ;
coxa, trochanter and femur of the middle and hind legs very large and with the distal end
of the tibia provided with a well developed membranous spur; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter
plus femur 285-314^; tibia plus tarsus i68-i82[x. Antennae 7-segmented; at times reduced to
six segments with a pseudoarticulation on the third; total length 241-256^. Fold of the anal
invagination with altogether four setae. Medio-ventral abdominal setae reduced to one couple
on the segment anterior to the genital opening.

KENYA: Kilifi, 5.11.1963, $ holotype and 7 $$ paratypes collected on leaves of
Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae) (G. De Lotto). — Coll. No. 2793.

The holotype and four paratypes have been deposited in the British Museum
(Natural History), London; three paratypes in the U.S. National Collection of
Coccoidea, Washington, D.C.

Other records of the same species on material not included in the type series, are :

KENYA: Mombasa, 24^.1951, on Anacardium occidentale Linn. (Anacardiaceae)
(R. H. Le Pelley}.

ZANZIBAR: 11.11.1956, on Eugenia sp. (Myrtaceae) (R. H. Le Pelley}.

MARSIPOCOCCUS Cockerell & Bueker, 1930
Marsipococcus Cockerell & Bueker, 1930: 7.

Type-species : Lecanium marsupiale Green, 1904.

Certainly a valid genus as far as its separation from Coccus is concerned. At
present only the type-species is referred to it.

Marsipococcus marsupialis (Green, 1904)
(Text-fig. 14)

Lecanium marsupiale Green, 1904: 212.
Lecanium marsupiale Green; Lindinger, 1913: 82.

This species was first described from CEYLON (Green 1904) as living on the upper
surface of leaves of Piper nigrum Linn. (Piperaceae) and on other species of pepper;
on Pothos scandens Linn. (Araceae); and occasionally on Annona sp. (Annonaceae) .
According to Green it also occurs in southern India on cultivated pepper vines.

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA

FIG. 13. Kilifia deltoides sp. n.

2i2 G. DE LOTTO

In 1913 Lindinger recorded the species from Amani, Tanganyika, on specimens
found on the under surface of leaves of Manihot glazioui Muell. (Euphorbiaceae) .

"Adult female very flat and broad; posterior half widest; extremities either rounded or
bluntly pointed. Median area deep reddish brown, mottled with darker brown. A broad,
greenish, marginal zone, sharply demarked from the median reddish area. Eyes minute, black,
close to the inner edge of marginal zone. . . . Under surface with a deep pouch on each side of
abdomen, in which the young larvae are sheltered for some time after birth. Limbs so closely
pressed into surface of body as to be practically invisible on the living insects. . . . Length of
well-grown example 9 mm. Breadth 6 to 6-5 mm. The early adult female, before gestation,
is very thin and transparent, the median area mottled with pale reddish brown. When in
position on the leaf, it is scarcely visible, except by its glistening surface. Delicate glassy
filaments are secreted from the marginal hairs". (Green, 1904).

The following redescription is based on a single mounted specimen in fairly
good condition, examined at the Department of Entomology, British Museum
(Natural History), London.

Body elongate, rather acutely tapering at both ends; length 8 mm. Dorsal dermis membran-
ous, plain. According to Green the dorsum is marked with "small scattered translucent pores,
and some irregular nebulous pale streaks on the marginal area" not visible on the specimen
examined. Dorsal pores very small, circular, with two loculi; not numerous and scattered.
Dorsal setae minute, bluntly pointed. Paraopercular pores small, flat, very numerous and
arranged in a fairly regular band along the median line of the body and extending as far as the
head. Submarginal pores lacking. Anal opercula somewhat elongate, with outer angle broadly
rounded and with two small apical setae; length 204^; combined width 175(0.. Dorsal dermis all
around the opercula heavily sclerotized. Stigmatic clefts deep, conspicuous, with the inner edge
dorsally marked with a densely sclerotized band, on either end of which is inserted a conical
spine 29-35(0. long; no spines or setae occur in the centre of the clefts. Setae of the marginal
fringe stoutly spiniform, 30-46(0. long; the number of setae occurring between the anterior and
posterior stigmatic clefts is 43 in one side and 49 in the opposite one. Paragenital pores of the
quinquelocular type, very few about the genital opening only. Quinquelocular pores associated
with the stigmatic openings set in bands two pores wide. Tubular ducts few and crowded on the
submedian area on either side of the genital opening. Legs short, otherwise normal ; articulation
between the tarsus and tibia very poorly marked ; sclerosis lacking ; ungual digitules very broadly
swollen apically; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter plus femur 350(0,; tibia plus tarsus 314(0..
Antennae with seven segments with a pseudoarticulation on the fourth; total length 452(0..
The setae on the fold of the anal invagination could not be satisfactorily counted.

CEYLON: Peradeniya, January 1902, on Piper nigrum Linn. (Piperaceae) (E. E.

Green) .

PARASAISSETIA Takahashi, 1955
Parasaissetia Takahashi, 1955 : 26.

Type-species: Lecanium nigrum Nietner, 1861.

The main characters used by Takahashi for differentiating his new genus from
Saissetia were the slenderness of the tarsi and the absence of a free tibio-tarsal
articulation ; to which he added the polygonal pattern of sclerotization of the dorsal
dermis. In his view, while the type-species of Saissetia is close to Pulvinaria, that
of Parasaissetia has more affinity with Lecanium (=Coccus). In my opinion a more

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA

213

FIG. 14. Marsipococcus marsupialis (Green)

2i4 G- DE LOTTO

reliable character is to be found in the shape of the dorsal setae, which in Parasaissetia
are cylindrical or slightly swollen at the apex, while in Saissetia they are strongly
spiniform to stoutly conical.

Thus amended the genus Parasaissetia, besides the type-species and P. ficicola
here described as new, should include Saissetia nairobica De Lotto, 1957. The three
species can be separated by using the following provisional key :

1 Multilocular pores, though few, always extending in loose transverse rows on

the abdominal segments anterior to the genital opening; dorsal dermis
marked with polygonal pale areas set close to one another .... 2

Multilocular pores about the genital opening only ; dorsal dermis with small oval

or rounded pale areas set rather widely apart ..... nairobica

2 (i) Fold of the anal invagination with numerous small membranous spur-like

processes ........... ficicola

Fold of the anal invagination finely to broadly crenulate .... nigra

Parasaissetia ficicola sp. n.

(Text-fig. 15)

Living adult females at maturity broadly elliptical, highly convex to nearly conical; dorsal
surface smooth; colour evenly very dark brown, almost black; dimensions: length 1-8-3-1 mm. ;
width 1-3-1-9 mm.; height up to 2 mm. Mounted specimens broadly elliptical, 1-6.2-4 mm- long-
Dorsal dermis marked by a fairly regular reticulate pattern as in the common nigra scale. Each
polygonal area encloses a minute circular pores with two loculi. Dorsal setae small, cylindrical,
at times very slightly swollen at the apex. Paraopercular pores hemispherical, set in two small
groups on either side of the median line, in front of the anal opercula ; the total number ranges
from 12 to 17. Submarginal pores 2 to 10 altogether. Anal opercula roughly quadrate, with two
small slender apical setae; outer angle pointed; posterior lateral margin broadly rounded;
length 146-160^; combined width i82-i97pi. Marginal setae all broadly flattened and variously
dentate at the apex; length 22-30^; 10 to 15 setae occur between the anterior and posterior
stigmatic clefts. Stigmatic spines three; median 44-58^ long; laterals 10-15^. Multilocular
pores rather numerous about the genital opening; a few pores extend in very loose transverse
rows on all preceding abdominal segments. Quinquelocular pores arranged in bands one or two
pores wide. Tubular ducts numerous and set in a ventral submarginal band, interrupted between
the attachment of the antennae and the row of quinquelocular pores associated with the anterior
stigmatic openings. Legs well developed without tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis; ungual
digitules not differentiated in shape and size ; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter plus femur
i82-i97(ji; tibia plus tarsus 204-241^. Antennae 8-segmented, at times reduced to seven
segments with a pseudoarticulation on the fourth; total length 314-358^1. Fold of the anal
invagination provided with numerous small, spur-like, membranous processes, and with 5 to
7 (normally 6) setae altogether.

KENYA: Nairobi, I4.xii.i96o, $ holotype and 9 $$ paratypes collected on branches
of Ficus mallatocarpa Warb. (Moraceae) (G. De Lotto). Coll. No. 2525.

The holotype and six paratypes have been deposited in the British Museum
(Natural History), London; three paratypes in the U.S. National Collection of
Coccoidea, Washington, D.C.

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA

215

FIG. 15. Parasaissetia ficicola sp. n.

216 G. DE LOTTO

Other records of the species on material not included in the type-series, are:

KENYA: Nairobi, 6.1.1956 and 3O.xii.i96o on Ficus sp. (G. De Lotto); 27.viii.i958
on Ficus sp. (K. A. Harrison). Kisumu, 21. iv. 1957 on Ficus sp. (G. De Lotto).

TANGANYIKA: Mwanza, 20. x. 1961 on Ficus sp. (G. De Lotto}.

UGANDA: Entebbe, 22. vi. 1961 and 13. xi. 1961 on Ficus populifolia Vahl (G. De
Lotto] .

This species may easily be confused with some forms of the common P. nigra.
The only diagnostic character by which the two species can be separated, is the
presence in ficicola of numerous, small membranous spur-like processes on the fold
of the anal invagination, visible only in healthy specimens at the beginning of the
adult stage. In the common nigra scale, P. nigra (Nietner, 1861), the fold is always
finely to broadly crenulate.

It cannot be ruled out that P. ficicola may be the same species which King (1902)
described as Saissetia nigrella from South Africa on Ficus sp. From King's original
description I understand that the specimens he had at hand were fairly old or fully
mature females, hence of no use at all for the solution of this question.

Parasaissetia nairobica (De Lotto, 1957) comb. n.

Saissetia nairobica De Lotto, 1957: 173.

TANGANYIKA: Arusha, 25.1.1961, on Ficus sycomorus Linn. (Moraceae) (G. De

Lotto] .

PULVINARIA Targioni-Tozzetti, 1867

Ampelocecis Amyot, 1847: 502 [nomen oblitum].
Pulvinaria Targioni-Tozzetti, 1867: 13.

Type-species: Coccus vitis Linnaeus, 1758.

The genus Pulvinaria has been split by Borchsenius (1952, 1953) into many new
genera. The identity of the type-species of some of them is not adequately known
to me at present.

Into Pulvinaria are usually placed species which at maturity produce a cottony
ovisac. It seems to me that, at least in some instances, the presence of the ovisac
should be retained as a feature of secondary importance. A case in point is represen-
ted by Coccus aethiopicus De Lotto, 1959; C. africanus (Newstead, 1898); C. celatus
De Lotto, 1960 and C. consimilis De Lotto, 1960, which display a closer morpholo-
gical affinity with Pulvinaria than with Coccus, though none of them forms an ovisac.

A redescription and a diagram of the type-species Coccus vitis Linnaeus, 1758,
have been presented by Steinweden (1946). According to Lindinger (1937) the
"Coccus vitis auct." associated by Targioni-Tozzetti with his genus Pulvinaria
should be understood as a misidentification of Coccus betulae Linnaeus, 1758.

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA 217

Pulvinaria tenuivalvata (Newstead, 1911) comb. n.

(Text-fig. 16)
Lecanium tenuivalvatum Newstead, 191 ia: 92.

The original description of this species was based on a series of nymphs, most of
which were attacked by parasitic Hymenoptera. The insect is here redescribed on a
single adult female found among an old batch of other nymphs collected in the type
locality and on the type host plant, some of which were compared by me with
Newstead's paratypes deposited in the British Museum (Natural History), London.

Ovisac not seen. Body elongate oval; length 3-7 mm. Dorsal dermis membranous. Dorsal
pores apparently absent. Dorsal setae short, conical, fairly numerous and apparently distributed
without any regular pattern. Paraopercular pores flat, with a granulate surface, set in an elongate
group of about 30 in front of the anal opercula. Submarginal pores lacking. Anal opercula
roughly quadrate*, with one seta socket on the subdiscal area, and two near the apex, but all
setae were broken away; length 170(0.; combined width 175(0.. Marginal setae stout, spiniform,
variable in size, ranging from 22 to 37(1. in length. The number of setae occurring between the
anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts is 27 in one side and 28 in the opposite side. Stigmatic
spines three, all robust and slightly lanceolate in shape; median 35-40(0, long; laterals 25-30(0..
Multilocular pores not numerous around the genital opening and extending in loose transverse
rows on all preceding abdominal segments. Quinquelocular pores set in irregular bands two or
three pores wide. Tubular ducts numerous and arranged in a narrow submarginal band, inter-
rupted near the anterior and posterior ends of the body. Legs well developed with a tibio-
tarsal articulatory sclerosis ; claws with a minute denticle ; one of the ungual digitules slender ;
the other stout; both apically knobbed; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter plus femur 263(0.;
tibia plus tarsus 277(0.. One of the antennae was missing; the other — very likely abnormal —
was formed with only six segments; total length 205(0.. Fold of the anal invagination with
altogether four setae.

UGANDA: Entebbe, iS.ii.igio, on citronella grass * * (C. C. Gowdey}.

The unique specimen, a fairly young adult female, slightly distorted but otherwise
in rather good condition, has been deposited in the British Museum (Natural
History), London, (coll. No. 2057).

This species is closely related to Pulvinaria iceryi (Signoret, 1869) and to P.
elongata Newstead, 1917, but differs from both in that the claws of all legs are
provided with a small denticle; the dorsal setae are conical and in the absence of
tubular ducts on the ventral midregion of the abdomen. It should be noted that all
three species have been described or recorded only from gramineous plants.

A detailed study on the identity of elongata and iceryi has been recently presented
by Mamet (1958).

* The lateral posterior margin of one operculum was somewhat distorted.
** Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Stapf (Gramineae).

218

G. DE LOTTO

FIG. 1 6. Pulvinaria tenuivalvata (Newstead)

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA 219

SAISSETIA De"planche, 1859
Saissetia Deplanche, in Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1859: 206.

Type-species: Lecanium coffeae Walker, i8$2=Saissetia coffeae Deplanche, 1859.

Before discussing the characters and composition of this genus, a few words have
to be said about its source and the identity of the type species.

The paper published on pages 203-207 of the fourth volume (1859) of the Bulletin
de la Societe linneenne de Normandie, currently retained the first source of the genus
Saissetia, is not Deplanche's original work, but a short account of it written by
Eudes-Deslongchamps. Deplanche's paper, or memoir, was published in Tahiti
sometime earlier. All efforts to trace a copy of it have failed so far.

More important is the problem of the identity of the type-species of the genus,
which had nothing to do with the species usually assigned to Saissetia. The confusion
was originated by Fauvel (1865) who arbitrarily synonymized 5. coffeae Deplanche
with Lecanium coffeae Walker. According with the description presented by Eudes-
Deslongchamps, the adult females :

"sont caracte'risees par un corps peu epais, aplati, mou, de forme ovalaire; par des
antennes composees de neuf articles, et par des tarses n'en ayant qu'un seul. Le
corps presente des anneaux bien distincts, termines, de deux en deux, par des
languettes diminuant d'arriere en avant. A cote des deux languettes posterieures,
ine"gales et les plus longues, un peu en dehors, sont deux soies noires allongees,
terminees en pointe. Toute la surface du corps secrete une matiere blanchatre,
cotonneuse qui la recouvre entierement .... A I'^poque de la fecondation, le corps
des femelles secrete la matiere cotonneuse en plus grande abondance. Une fois
cet acte accompli, elles se cramponnent sur la tige ou elles s'etaient etablies. La
matiere cotonneuse disparait insensiblement et n'est pas renouvelee. Peu apres
le corps se desseche, les anneaux s'effacent, il ne reste plus qu'une petite ecaille
scutiforme, de couleur grisatre, qui semble se confondre avec 1'ecorce."

The description leaves no doubts that the insect studied by Deplanche was by no
means a hard scale, but very likely a mealy bug. Hence the name Saissetia should
be dropped and the species at present included in it be transferred to Neobernardia
Cockerell, 1892, which is the first valid generic name available for them. No changes,
however, are introduced here, pending further attempts to secure a copy of Deplanche's
original paper.

Several species have been referred to, or described under, the genus Saissetia in the
present series of papers dealing with the Coccidae of Africa south of the Sahara.
A first attempt to split the group was made by Takahashi (1955) with the introduc-
tion of the genus Parasaissetia. Besides the type-species, two other species from
the area under review have been referred to it. More recently a few species charac-
terized in having the anal opercula pyriform have been transferred by the writer
(De Lotto, 1963) to the genus Udinia. The forms still retained in Saissetia may be
separated into three small natural groups, which later may be recognized as distinct
subgenera or genera. The main features of these groups are :

220 G. DE LOTTO

Group i : tubular ducts forming the ventral submarginal band having the inner duct as large or
larger than the outer duct; dorsal setae slender, spiniform. This group includes at present only
the type-species Lecanium coffeae Walker, 1852.

Group 2 : tubular ducts with the inner duct much smaller than the outer one ; dorsal setae
spiniform but slender; dorsal dermis marked with pale areas which are large and close to one
another along the marginal and submarginal areas, and tend to be smaller and widely apart at
the centre of the dorsum. To this group should be referred : Saissetia chitonoides De Lotto,
1963; 5. orbiculata De Lotto, 1963; and Lecanium somereni Newstead, 1911. They can be
separated by the following provisional key :

1 Legs with an articulatory sclerosis between tarsus and tibia .... 2
Tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis lacking ...... somereni

2 ( i ) Marginal setae all attaining the same length ; submarginal pores i to 8 altogether ;

number of multilocular pores on the most anterior abdominal segment
ranging from 9 to 23; antennae 335-385^ long. . . . chitonoides

Marginal setae of different sizes; submarginal pores 22 to 27; multilocular pores
on the most anterior abdominal segment 73 to in; antennae 440-510(0. long

orbiculata

Lecanium (Saissetia) subpatelliforme Newstead, 1917, described from GHANA on an
unidentified host plant, is strongly suspected to be identical with somereni.

Group 3 : tubular ducts as in group 2 ; pale areas of the dorsal dermis all practically attaining
the same size and set close to one another; dorsal setae strongly spiniform to conical. This
group includes: Saissetia abyssinica sp. n. ; S. jocunda De Lotto, 1957; $• munroi De Lotto, 1958,
Chermes oleae Bernard, 1782; S. opulenta De Lotto, 1957; Lecanium (Saissetia) persimile
Newstead, 1917; S. privigna sp. n.; 5. xerophila De Lotto, 1957; anc^ -S. zanzibarensis Williams,
I953- The species can be separated by using the following provisional key:

1 Multilocular pores about the genital opening only ..... 2
Multilocular pores extending in transverse rows on all abdominal segments . 3

2 (i) WTith 6 to 10 marginal setae between the anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts;

all setae flattened and frayed at the apex ; length up to 22-30^1 . . xerophila
Marginal setae between the stigmatic clefts ranging from 18 to 29, all slender

and finely pointed; length up to 95-1 30 jj. .... zanzibarensis

3 (i) Marginal setae not differentiated in size ...... opulenta

Marginal setae distinctly different in size ....... 4

4 (3) Submarginal pores absent ......... 5

Submarginal pores always present ........ 6

5 (4) Paraopercular pores set in a small group of 7 to 10 in front of the anal opercula

only ............ munroi

Paraopercular pores arranged in a large group of 40 to 150 in front and extending

on either side of the anal opercula ....... persimilis

6 (5) Ventral submedian area of the abdominal segments with supplementary

groupings of tubular ducts ........ abyssinica

Supplementary groupings of ducts absent ....... 7

7 (6) With a grouping of dorsal setae on the submedian area in front of the anal

opercula ; dorsal setae near the margin noticeably smaller than those occurring
on the median and submedian areas of the body .... jocunda
Dorsal setae scattered and not appreciably differentiated in size ... 8

8 (7) With 15 to 23 marginal setae between the anterior and posterior stigmatic

clefts ............ privigna

With only 3 to 12 marginal setae between the stigmatic clefts . . . oleae

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA 221

The systematic position of Saissetia monotes Hall, 1935, described from SOUTHERN
RHODESIA on specimens living on Monotes glaber Sprague, is uncertain, as no types
or other material have been seen yet. The general appearance of S. monotes pretoriae
Hall, 1939, which was described from SOUTH AFRICA on Ficus sp., suggests a close
affinity with 5. opulenta. The condition of the specimens at hand, including some
of the paratypes, is however unsuitable for a redescription.

Saissetia abyssinica sp. n.

(Text-fig. 17)

Adult females at full maturity highly convex, nearly hemispherical, with a rather poorly
developed H-mark on the dorsum; colour evenly dark brown. Young adults (alcohol material)
yellowish white. Mounted specimens 1-6-1-8 mm. long. Dorsal dermis marked with numerous
rounded or oval pale areas, not differentiated in size and set close to one another ; each pale area
encloses a minute pore. Dorsal setae robust, bluntly pointed ; all setae attain the same size and
are distributed without any regular pattern. Paraopercular pores hemispherical, very slightly
variable in diameter, and set in a close group of 16-25 m front of the anal opercula. Submarginal
pores reduced to one only on the head or mesothorax. Anal opercula together roughly quadrate,
with a short, robust, discal seta, and three slender, apical ones ; posterior lateral margin broadly
rounded ; outer angle pointed ; length 1 75- 1 8 2 pi ; combined width 1 96-2 1 o JJL. Setae of the marginal
fringe short, stout, rather deeply frayed at the apex; length 28-31(0.. Among these setae are
irregularly intermingled others which are either similar in shape or pointed, but shorter, being
only i7-2ipL long. On the margin of the body between the anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts
are inserted 9 to 16 setae, of which 8-n are large and 1-5 small. Stigmatic spines three; median
70-77^; laterals 20-24^. Multilocular pores numerous around the genital opening and extending
in transverse rows on all preceding abdominal segments. Quinquelocular pores set in bands two
or three pores wide. Tubular ducts numerous and arranged in a ventral submarginal band.
Other ducts similar to those of the submarginal band, but shorter, are crowded on the sub-
median area of all abdominal segments. Antennae 8-segmented; total length 357-385^. Legs
well developed without tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis; ungual digitules of same size and
shape; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter plus femur 210-217^; tibia plus tarsus 224-231^.
Fold of the anal invagination with 4 or 5 robust setae.

ETHIOPIA: Dire Dawa, 27.x. 1963, $ holotype and 2 $$ paratypes collected on
branches of Duranta repens Linn. (Verbenaceae) (B. G. Hill}. Coll. No. H.C. 762.

The holotype and one paratype are in the South African National Collection of
Insects, Pretoria; one paratype will be deposited in due course in the British Museum
(Natural History), London.

Saissetia coffeae (Walker, 1852)

Lecanium hemisphaericum Targioni-Tozzetti ; Lindinger, 1913: 82.

Lecanium (Saissetia) hemisphaericum Targioni-Tozzetti; Newstead, 1917 b; 130.

Saissetia hemisphaerica (Targioni-Tozzetti) Brain, 1920: 9.

Saissetia coffeae (Walker) Laing, 1928: 215.

Saissetia hemisphaerica (Targioni-Tozzetti); Hall, 1935: 78.

Saissetia hemisphaerica (Targioni-Tozzetti); De Lotto, 1956: 240.

G. DE LOTTO

FIG. 17. Saissetia abvssinica sp. n.

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA 223

The identity and nomenclatural status of this species have been recently discussed
by Williams (1957), who pointed out that the name Lecanium coffeae Walker, 1852,
should be used in place of L. hemisphaericum Targioni-Tozzetti, 1867. The present
writer fully concurs with his views.

KENYA: Nairobi, 13.1.1955, on Nephrolepis sp. (Polypodaceae), 3o.xii.i96o, on
Markhamia platy calyx (Baker) Sprague (Bignoniaceae), 3i.xii.i96o, on Schinus molle
Linn. (Anacardiaceae) (G. De Lotto}. Kisii, 20. iv. 1959, on roots of Coffea arabica
Linn. (Rubiaceae) (A. R. Melville).

Saissetia oleae (Bernard, 1782)
(Text-figs. 18-20)

Chermes oleae Bernard, 1782: 108.

On account of the views here held about the distribution of S. oleae in Africa, all
references of the species from this continent have purposely been omitted.

For a long time the identification of this species merely rested on the well known
H-mark occurring on the dorsum of the adult female. Later, authors gave short
descriptions of the antennae, legs, stigmatic spines, etc. Though some of these
features may have a taxonomic significance, the fact that they were dealt with very
superficially, compounded with the utter disregard to other characters, make their
diagnosis entirely unreliable. The first comprehensive account of oleae was presented
by Ferris (in Zimmerman, 1948). His description, however, was made on material
from California, and lacks of all quantitative data.

The following redescription is based on a long series of specimens from many
countries of the Palaearctic Region as listed below. A young adult female collected
on Olea europaea Linn, at Enna (Sicily) was used for the accompanying diagram.

Dorsal areolation and dorsal pores as typical of the group. Dorsal setae robust, spiniform, very
slightly blunted at the apex, and tending to be only very slightly smaller towards the margin
of the body. The setae are scattered without any regular pattern. Paraopercular pores hemispheri-
cal, somewhat variable in diameter, and set in a group of 3 to 46 in front of the anal opercula.
Submarginal pores ranging from 4 to 16 altogether. Anal opercula together roughly quadrate;
length 139-182^; combined width 153-219^. Each operculum is provided with a longish, robust
discalorsubdiscal seta, and three small, slender apical ones. Marginal setae of two sizes. The larger
ones are robust, tapering towards the apex, with tips either rounded or with a few minute
indentations; length 36-5 IJJL The small setae are only 18-3351 long and are often finely pointed.
The number of setae occurring between the anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts varies from
3 to 12, of which 3-9 are large and 0-4 small. Stigmatic spines three; median 69-1 i8[z; laterals
15-33(1. Multilocular pores numerous about the genital opening and extending in rather irregular
transverse rows on all preceding abdominal segments. Quinquelocular pores arranged in bands
one or two pores wide. Tubular ducts arranged in a submarginal band on the ventral side of the
body, as normal in all species of the genus so far studied. Antennae 8-segmented ; occasionally
one antenna may be reduced to seven segments, one of which being marked with a pseudoarticu-
lation; total length 287-365(0.. Legs well developed; ungual digitules of the same size and shape,
both stout and knobbed at the apex; tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis normally lacking. At
times some of the legs (very seldom all) are provided with a sclerosis which, however, is much
reduced in size. Dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter plus femur 161-204(1.; tibia plus tarsus 168-
24 1 (/.. Fold of the anal invagination with 6, 7 or 8 setae.

224 G- DE LOTTO

Altogether 91 specimens have been examined. Many of them were intercepted at
the plant quarantine inspection stations in U.S.A.

ALGERIA: Algiers, on lemon twigs; at New York, 15.1^.1943 (Byars 6- Ortiz),
N.Y. 93153. Algiers, on zutima navel orange; at Washington, D.C., 27.^.1926
(W. B. Wood), F.H.B. 61194. Algiers, on Citrus sp. (navel orange); at Washington,
D.C., 27.iii.i926 (W. B. Wood), F.H.B. 61195. No locality, on Pyrus longipes; at
Washington, D.C., 6.ii.i926 (0. K. Courtney], F.H.B. 60293.

AUSTRIA: Tyrol, Innsbruck, 17. ix. 1953, on Viscum album ex Pinus sylvaticus
(K. Boratynski).

CYPRUS: Famagusta, 28. iv. 1930, on Cydonia sp. and quince (H. M. Morris).

ENGLAND : Kent, Yalding : no date, on Nerium oleander (under glass) (E. E. Green?}.
Cambridge, 6.11.1935, on Nerium sp. (H. C. James], No. 13. Locality unknown, on
Olearia sp. leaves; at Seattle, 18.^.1959 (W. J. N. Brown), Seattle 14700.

FRANCE: Antibes, 7.1.1958, on olive and myrtus (H. L. Parker), 5752. Nancy, on
Abutilon, at D.C., 23.^.1934 (W. B. Wood], B.P.O. A. 25909. Localities unknown;
on Osteospermum sp. ; at D.C., 7^.1957 (/. F. Schoen], W. 5423. On Ilex wilsoni;
at B.C., i6.vii.i957 (/. F. Schoen), W. 5729.

ITALY: Naples, 12. iv. 1961, on Olea europaea Linn. (E. Tremblay). Reggio Calabria,
23.^.1960, on Nerium oleander Linn. (G. De Lotto). Near Varazze, no date, on
Erica arborea Linn. (0. Japp), Japp Coll. No. 155. Taranto, i.xi.1917, on olive
(coll. unknown), 12469. Localities unknown. On Abutilon sp. (ex Leonardi's
Chermotheca italica). On citrus leaves; at New York, 2.11.1960 (P. Snowden 6-
N. Kitazaki), N.Y. 159598. On lemon; at New York, 30.^.1939 (Woodbury), N.Y.
80987. On lemon leaves; at New York, i.vi.i93i (A. M. Bulbulia), N.Y. 16835. On
lemon leaves; at New Orleans, 24.^.1931 (Moore 6- Pritchett), N.O. 4817. On
Nerium oleander; at Chicago, 24.xii.i924 (L. M. Scott), Chicago 241. On Cheirostemon
platanoides ; at D.C., 2i.v.i957 (/. F. Schoen), W. 5450. On olive leaves; at New
York, 30.iii.i933 (Shemin, Sartor & all.}, N.Y. 20409. On Citrus limonia; at
Philadelphia, 23.^.1933 (A. B. Wells), Phila 7408. On oleander leaves; at Boston,
14. x. 1955 (E. C. Hodson & J. D. Crump Jr.], Boston 22132. On oleander?; at
Chicago, 27.viii.i947 (F. 0. Dodd), Chicago 1328. On oleander; at Hoboken,
29.viii.i947 (Adams), Hoboken 9704. On pear fruit; at New York, 28. xi. 1935
(Sartor), N.Y. 49797. On orange twigs; at Philadelphia, 10.11.1934 (A. B. Wells),
Phila 20750. On Nerium oleander; [at Boston], 12. ix. 1953 (E. C. Hodson 6- M. F.
Crowell), Boston 20392. On lemon peduncle; [at New York], ig.iv.ig6o (F. Burke &
D. Linchan), N.Y. 162205.

PORTUGAL: Faro, 28.vii.i93i, on peach tree (H. Stiner).

SICILY: Enna, I5.iv.ig6i, on Olea europaea Linn. (P. Buchner). Siracusa, i8.iv.ig6i,
on Olea europaea Linn. (do.). Locality unknown: on orange, at Baltimore, 26^.1931
(W. A. Ranch], Baltimore 237.

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA

225

FIG. 1 8. Saissetia oleae (Bernard)

226

G. DE LOTTO

SPAIN: Saville, on olive (bark), at D.C., 17.111.1928 (R. G. Cogswell), F.H.B. 73739.
Locality unknown; on Evonymus leaves; at New York, 2i.xii.i935 (C. P. Daley],
N.Y. 50867.

SWITZERLAND: Basle, 14. ii. 1961, on Metroxylon sp. (in greenhouse) (R. Weiniger).

The structures which in the course of the present study have been found to have
a major significance on determining the facies of the species and hence on clearing
up its morphological relationship with other African forms close to it, are the
absence or strong reduction of the tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis and the number
and shape of the setae of the marginal fringe.

The articulatory sclerosis in oleae is normally lacking or, when present, it tends to
be much reduced in size. In an attempt to represent graphically its occurrence and
range of variation, legs were arranged in four classes. In class 0 were grouped legs

125

100

75

50

25

0 123

FIG. 19. Occurrence and development of the tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis in Saissetia
oleae (Bernard) : (a) in typical specimens from the palaearctic region : (b) in specimens
from South Africa.

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA

227

40

30

20

10

FIG. 20. Frequency distributions of the number of marginal setae occurring
between the stigmatic clefts in Saissetia oleae (Bernard).

entirely devoid of any sclerosis, while to classes 1, 2 and 3 were referred those in
which the sclerosis was poorly, moderately or strongly developed respectively.
Fig. 190; shows the frequency distributions found in 38 specimens from Olea europaea
Linn, collected at Enna, Siracusa (Sicily) and Naples (Italy) ; and from Metroxylon
sp. at Berne (Switzerland)*. Out of 91 specimens examined, fifteen (that is 16.5%
of the total) did not apparently agree with the general pattern, for the sclerosis
looked strongly developed. It should however be noted that the conditions of these
specimens were far from being satisfactory. They were either overstained or attacked
by fungi or the tissues of the derma were badly damaged very likely by the action
of bacteria or viruses.

In oleae the marginal setae are of two sizes. The fringe is formed mostly by setae
of the larger size, usually set widely apart from one another, among which are
irregularly intermingled a few small ones. Though the number of setae varies
remarkably, even among specimens of the same population, its variation stretches

* There was no bias on the use of these specimens. Their choice was simply motivated by the fact
that they were collected from healthy populations, mounted at the right stage and properly stained,
therefore better suitable for this sort of observations. The whole lot will be deposited in due course in
the collection of the British Museum (Natural History), London.

228 G. DE LOTTO

within definite limits. From Fig. 20, which represents the frequency distributions of
the number of setae occurring between the anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts on
either side of the body (167 samples), we can deduce that in oleae specimens with
less than 3 or more than 12 setae are extremely rare or may not occur at all.

As indicated in the description, the setae of the larger size are slightly tapering
towards the apex and have their tips rounded or with a few minute indentations.
They are never flattened and frayed at the apex.

If, in spite of the seemingly contradictory but undecisive data observed in some
specimens, we assume that in oleae the occurrence and variability of the tibio-tarsal
articulatory sclerosis constantly conform with the pattern found on the material
examined, then we have to conclude that the species does not occur in Africa, except
in the north western areas as Algeria and very likely Tunisia.

The specimens from Africa that most closely resemble oleae are those from the
southern districts of the Cape Province of South Africa. They, however, differ from

oleae in that the sclerosis is normally strongly developed as shown in Fig. 196 which
represents the frequency distributions obtained in 27 specimens. In the writer's
opinion the specimens from South Africa are referable to a geographic subspecies,
for which the name of Lecanium pumilum Brain, 1920 is eventually available.

Most of the remaining material from Africa seen was referable to S. privigna, a
new species in which the setae of the marginal fringe are much more numerous
than in oleae.

The identity of a few other forms was unknown. The condition and limited
number of specimens available did not permit their description.

Saissetia persimilis (Newstead, 1917)

Lecanium (Saissetia) persimile Newstead, 1917: 362.

Saissetia oleae (Bernard); Lindinger, 1928: 107 [misidentification] .

Saissetia persimilis (Newstead) De Lotto, 1956: 243.

Brain's record (1920) from South Africa is omitted, as the specimens identified by
him as 5. persimilis do not actually belong to this species. They are still under study.

KENYA: Mombasa, 31. x. 1957, on Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv. (Smiarubaceae) .
Nairobi, I4.xii.i96o, on Grewia sp. (Tiliaceae); 25.xii.i96o, on Gymnosporia sp.
(Celastraceae) ; 5.1.1961, on Hibiscus fuscus Garke (Malvaceae); 30.xii.i96o, on
Croton sp. (Euphorbiaceae) ; 30.xii.i956, on Cordia ovalis R. Br. (Boraginaceae)
(G. De Lotto}.

SOUTH AFRICA : Transvaal, Pretoria, 28.11.1957, onFicussp. (Moraceae) (G. De Lotto).

TANGANYIKA: Arusha, 25.1.1961, on Nerium oleander Linn. (Apocynaceae) , Ficus
sp and Hibiscus fuscus Garke (G. De Lotto) .

UGANDA: Entebbe, 22.vii.i96i, on Antiarix toxicaria Lesch. (Urticaceae) (G. De
Lotto] .

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA 229

Saissetia privigna sp. n.

(Text-fig. 21)
Saissetia oleae (Bernard); De Lotto, 1956: 241 [misidentification] .

Fully mature females strongly convex, up to 3 mm. long and 2*5 mm. wide; dorsum with two
transverse ridges connected by a longitudinal one, forming the well known H-mark; colour
evenly brown. Young adults creamy white. Mounted specimens 1-5-2-7 mm. long. Dorsal dermis
with numerous rounded or oval pale areas set closely together and not appreciably differentiated
in size. Dorsal setae conical, all attaining the same size and scattered without any pattern.
Paraopercular pores hemispherical, set in a loose group of 5 to 9 in front of the anal opercula.
Submarginal pores 13 to 22 altogether. Anal opercula together roughly quadrate, with a long,
robust, apically frayed discal seta; and three small, slender apical ones; posterior lateral margin
broadly rounded; outer angle pointed; length 182-204^; combined width 182-219^. Setae of the
marginal fringe of two sizes. The larger setae are flattened and frayed or slightly tapering and
with a few indentations at the apex; length 66-88^. The small setae are similar in shape to the
larger ones, or pointed; length 29-40^. On the margin of the body between the anterior and
posterior stigmatic clefts there are 15 to 23 setae, of which 9-14 are large and 5-11 small.
Stigmatic spines three; median 77-91^; laterals 26-36^. Multilocular pores numerous around
the genital opening and extending in transverse rows on all preceding abdominal segments.
Quinquelocular pores set in bands one or two pores wide. Tubular ducts fairly numerous and
forming a submarginal band on the ventral side of the body. Antennae 8-segmented; total
length 365-4005^.. Legs provided with a well developed tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis ; ungual
digitules of the same size and shape; dimensions of legs (hi): trochanter plus femur 204-226^;
tibia plus tarsus 248-277^. Fold of the anal invagination with 7 or 8 robust setae altogether.

KENYA: Ruiru, 17. x. 1962, $ holotype and 9 $$ paratypes collected on branches
of Coffea ardbica Linn. (Rubiaceae) (G. De Lotto). Coll. No. 2774.

The holotype and six paratypes have been deposited in the British Museum
(Natural History), London; the remaining three paratypes in the U.S. National
Collection of Coccoidea, Washington, D.C.

Other records of the species on material not included in the type-series are :

KENYA: Nairobi, 22.x. 1951, on Coffea arabica Linn.; 12. hi. 1953, on Olea europaea
Linn. (Oleaceae); 21. vi. 1953, on Markhamia platycalyx (Baker) Sprague (Bignoni-
aceae); 1.1.1961 and i6.iv.i96i, on Hibiscus fuscus Garke (Malvaceae) (G. De Lotto).

TANGANYIKA: Arusha, 25.1.1961, on Hibiscus fuscits Garke (G. De Lotto).

The true identity of S. oleae having been cleared up, the specific characters of
privigna become quite evident. In the latter all legs are provided with a well
developed tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis and the setae of the marginal fringe are
twice as many as in the former. The lowest number of setae between the anterior
and posterior stigmatic clefts is in privigna higher than the maximum occurring in
oleae. Furthermore in the new species marginal spines, legs and antennae are
remarkably longer than in oleae.

The area of distribution of S. privigna extends from EGYPT and ERITREA to
NORTHERN and SOUTHERN RHODESIA. Small variations on some characters were
observed in samples from these territories which suggest the presence of a complex
of geographical forms or subspecies.

230

G. DE LOTTO

FIG. 21. Saissetia privigna sp. n

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA 231

Saissetia somereni (Newstead, 1910)

Lccanium mori somereni Newstead, igioa: 187.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) tremae Newstead, 1911: 162.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) tremae Newstead; Newstead, 191 ia: 93.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) somereni Newstead; Newstead, 1913: 76.

Lecanium somereni Newstead; Lindinger, 1913: 83.

Lecanium (Eulecanium) somereni Newstead; Newstead, 19176: 130.

Saissetia somereni (Newstead); De Lotto, 1956: 247.

Records of S. subpatelliformis (Newstead, 1917) from Southern Rhodesia (Brain,
1920; Hall, 1935) are very likely referable to 5. somereni. The two species are
believed to be identical.

ETHIOPIA: Alemaya, 8.^.1964, on Ficus dekdekena A. Rich. (Moraceae) (B. G. Hill}.

KENYA: Nairobi, 23.iii.i955, on Cordia holstii Guerke (Boraginaceae) (R. H. Le
Pelley).

SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal, Zebediela, 5.11.1957, on Citrus sp. (Rutaceae) (G. De
Lotto). Rustenburg, I5.xii.i956, on Citrus sp. (H. J. Smith).

SOUTHERN RHODESIA: Que Que, io.x.i963, on Citrus sp. (C. J. Hodgson).
TANGANYIKA: Arusha, 25.1.1961, on Croton sp. (Euphorbiaceae) (G. De Lotto).

UDINIA De Lotto, 1963
Udinia De Lotto, 1963: 194.
Type-species: Udinia scitula De Lotto, 1963.

To the six African species originally assigned to this genus, should be added
Lecanium (Saissetia) farquharsoni Newstead, 1922, described from Southern Nigeria.

The following is a revised key for the separation of the species :

1 Paraopercular pores very numerous and arranged in a loose group extending on

either side of the anal opercula ........ 2

Paraopercular pores few and set close to the median line of the body in front of

the anal opercula only .......... 6

2 (i) Dorsal setae scattered ; submarginal pores lacking ..... 3

Dorsal setae present only on the marginal area, where they are set in a continuous

irregular fringe; submarginal pores present ..... glabra

3 (2) Anal opercula each with two to five discal or subdiscal setae .... 4

Anal opercula each with one discal seta only ...... 5

4 (3) Anal opercula each with two or three discal or subdiscal setae; setae of the

marginal fringe between the anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts ranging

from 17 to 25 scitula

Anal opercula each with one discal and four subdiscal setae ; margin of the body

between the stigmatic clefts with 35-36 setae .... farquharsoni

5 (3) Setae of the marginal fringe long and finely pointed .... exoleta

Marginal setae short and variously frayed at the apex . . . paupercula

6 (i) Legs with an articulatory sclerosis between tarsus and tibia; anal opercula each

with one discal seta ........ pterolobina

Legs without tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis; anal opercula without discal

setae ............ setigera

232 G. DE LOTTO

Udinia farquharsoni (Newstead, 1922) comb. n.
(Text-fig. 22)

Lecanium (Saissetia) farquharsoni Newstead, 1922: 530.

According to Newstead (1922) the adult female is "hemispherical, or narrowly ovate and
highly convex; margin very thick, forming a distinct rounded moulding or bead. Integument
with a faintly matted surface when preserved in alcohol, due apparently to secretion of foreign
matter, on the removal of which, by slight friction, the derm presents a polished appearance.
Colour rich dark castaneous; immature examples dusky buff." The following redescription is
based on a rather young adult female designated as "type" though the date of collection is not
the same of that given by Newstead in his original description.

Outline of the body nearly circular; length 2-9 mm. Dorsal dermis with numerous pale areas
which are fairly large and close together near the margin of the body, and tend to be smaller and
rather widely apart from one another near the centre; each pale area encloses a minute pore.
Dorsal setae conical, all attaining the same size and evenly distributed. Paraopercular pores
hemispherical, set in a loose group of 66 in front and on either side of the anal opercula. Sub-
marginal pores lacking. Anal opercula together pyriform, with a longish, robust discal seta,
and four small, slender, subapical ones, most of which were broken away in the specimen
examined; two or three minute setae occur on the apex. Length of each operculum 300(0.;
combined width 275(0.. Setae of the marginal fringe of different sizes, variously frayed or pointed
at the apex; the larger setae are 60-75(0. long; the small ones 30-4510.. On the margin of the body
between the anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts there are 13 large and 22 small setae in one
side; 15 and 21 respectively on the opposite side. Stigmatic spines three; median 40-50(0. long;
laterals 25-30(0.. Multilocular pores rather few around the genital opening only. Quinquelocular
pores set in irregular bands one pore wide. Tubular ducts arranged in a continuous submarginal
band on the ventral side of the body, as normal in the genus. Antennae with eight segments,
measuring together 380(0.. Legs well developed with a small tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis;
ungual digitules of the same size and shape ; dimensions of legs (iii) : trochanter plus femur
2iO[o.; tibia plus tarsus 220(0.. Owing to large distortions of the ano-genital area the setae of the
fold of the anal invagination could not be properly detected.

SOUTHERN NIGERIA: Near Ibadan, 9. iii. 1918, host plant not recorded. (C. A.

Farquharson) .

In Newstead's original description the date of collection is December 1917.
According to an additive note by E. B. Poulton, the species was collected on
Imbricaria maxima Poit. (Sapotaceae).

VINSONIA Signoret, 1872

Vinsonia Signoret, 1872: 33.

Type-species: Coccus stellifer Westwood, i8ji=^Vinsoma pulchella Signoret, 1872.

The genus Vinsonia was introduced by Signoret (1872) for the inclusion of a single
species, V. pulchella, which name he later (Signoret, 1877) synonymized with Coccus
stellifer Westwood, 1871. Even nowadays the recognition of this genus merely rests
on the stellate pattern of the wax test or on the sclerotization of the cephalic lobe.
Lindinger (1913) retained Vinsonia identical with Ceroplastes with which it actually
shows a very close morphological affinity. In view of our extremely poor knowledge
of the identity of several species currently assigned to Ceroplastes, any discussion on
the validity and composition of the genus Vinsonia is premature.

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA

233

FIG. 22. Udinia farquharsoni (Newstead).

234 G. DE LOTTO

Vinsonia stellifera (Westwood, 1871)
(Text-fig. 23)

Ceroplastes stellifer (Westwood) Lindinger, 1913: 81.

Vinsonia stellifera Green [sic]; De Seabra & Vayssiere, 1918: 163.

Vinsonia stellifera (Westwood); Laing, 1928: 215.

The first record of this species from Africa south of the Sahara was by Lindinger
(1913) from Tanganyika on Cocos nucifera Linn. Later the insect was found on
Citrus sp. in S. Thome, a small island in the Gulf of Guinea (De Seabra & Vayssiere ,
1918; Laing, 1928).

The following detailed description of the external appearance of the living adult
female is transcribed from Green's The Coccidae of Ceylon (1909).

"Adult female with a semitranslucent waxy test, the margins of which are flattened and
produced into seven rays that give the insect the appearance of a miniature starfish. Median
area strongly convex above, the apex with an oblong pad of opaque white wax. Colour of living
examples pink darkening with age to purplish red. In dried examples this tint fades to reddish
brown. Anal operculum dark brown. Margin colourless during life; yellowish in dried examples.
Each ray is tipped by a longish conical process of opaque white wax. The median anterior ray
carries a supplementary white point on each side of the terminal process. The following two rays
on each side have a well-defined median ridge. A pair of small white waxy processes project from
the posterior margin immediately behind the anal aperture. Under surface flat. After oviposition,
the median area shrinks and forms a cavity for the reception of the eggs. From below, it can be
seen that the median anterior ray corresponds with the cephalic lobe. The following two rays on
each side are associated with the two pairs of stigmata, while the two remaining rays proceed from
the abdominal lobes. At the extremity of each ray, below the base of the terminal process, is a
fringe of minute glassy points— the remains of the earliest larval fringe. Diameter — across the
rays — 3-50 to 4-50 mm."

Young mounted adult females very broadly oval in outline; 1-2-1-4 nim. long. Dorsal setae
minute, spiniform; very few. Dorsal pores of the simple type with two circular loculi of different
diameter. Setae and pores are scattered without any pattern, except on a median, a cephalic
and three lateral rounded or oval areas, where they are entirely lacking. Caudal process very
short and very stout, strongly sclerotized. Anal opercula each with one discal, one subdiscal
and one apical setae, all longish and robust; length of the opercula 85-95^; combined width
55-65(^- Stigmatic spines set in groups of 4 to 8 ; all are stoutly conical, but variable in length ;
straight or slightly curved; the largest spine seen was 40^ long. Tubular ducts entirely absent.
Multilocular pores few around the genital opening only. Quinquelocular pores few and arranged
in bands two pores wide. Cruciform pores few. Legs very small, all having the tarsus and tibia
fused together; ungual digitules not differentiated in shape and size; dimensions of legs (iii) :
trochanter plus femur 65-75^; tibia-tarsus 58-75(1. Antennae short and rather stout, with
six segments; total length 140-160^. Between the antennae are inserted 14 to 20 long robust
setae. Two to four setae of variable length occur at the posterior end of the body.

KENYA: Mombasa, 5.11.1963, on Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae) (G. De
Lotto] .

ZANZIBAR: 10.^.1956, on Cocos nucifera Linn. (Palmae) (R. H. Le Pelley).

COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA

235

0

FIG. 23. Vinsonia stellifera (Westwood)

236 G. DE LOTTO

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The writer wishes to acknowledge his great indebtedness to the following persons
who kindly loaned or collected material wanted in connection with the present paper :

Mr. D. P. Annecke, Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria. Dr. M. Beier,
Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna. Dr. K. Boratynski, Imperial College of Science,
London. Prof. P. Buchner, Porto d'Ischia, Naples (Italy). Mr. T. J. Crowe, Coffee
Research Station, Ruiru (Kenya). Mr. J. P. Doncaster, British Museum (Natural
History), London. Mr. J. H. Giliomee, Elsenburg-Stellenbosch Agricultural College,
Stellenbosch (South Africa). Mr. C. J. Hodgson, Federal Ministry of Agriculture,
Salisbury (Southern Rhodesia). Mr. R. Mamet, Rose Hill, Mauritius. Mr. J. Munting,
Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria. Dr. E. Tremblay, Laboratorio di
Entomologia Agraria, Portici, Naples (Italy). Miss Louise M. Russell, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Mr. C. N. Smithers, Australian
Museum, Sydney, N.S.W. Mr. A. Tuoldehaimanot, Department of Agriculture,
Asmara (Eritrea). Prof. P. Vayssiere, Entomologie Agricole Coloniale, Paris.
Dr. R. Weiniger, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basle. Dr. D. J. Williams, U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.

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238 G. DE LOTTO

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COCCIDAE FROM AFRICA

239

abyssinica, Saissetia, 221
acuminata, Kilifia, 208
aethiopicus, Coccus, 192
AKERMES, 178
Akermes andersoni, 178
alpinus, Coccus, 192
andersoni, Akermes, 178

bipartita, Gascardia, 195
brevicauda, Gascardia, 196

cerifera, Gascardia, 198
CEROPLASTES, 179
Ceroplastes ficus, 183

floridensis, 185
janeirensis, 185
rubens, 187
simplex, 187
vinsonioides, 189
COCCUS, 189
Coccus aethiopicus, 192
alpinus, 192
elongatus, 192
hesperidum, 192
smaragdinus, 193
coffeae, Saissetia, 221

deceptrix, Gascardia, 200
deltoides, Kilifia, 208
destructor, Gascardia, 200

elongatus, Coccus, 192
EUCALYMNATUS, 193
Eucalymnatus tessellatus, 193

farquharsoni, Udinia, 232
ficicola, Parasaissetia, 214
ficus, Ceroplastes, 183
floridensis, Ceroplastes, 185

GASCARDIA, 195
Gascardia bipartita, 195

brevicauda, 196
cerifera, 198
deceptrix, 200
destructor, 200
longicauda, 202
rustica, 204
sinoiae, 204
stenocephala, 206

INDEX

hesperidum, Coccus, 192

janeirensis, Ceroplastes, 185

KILIFIA, 206
Kilifia acuminata, 208
deltoides, 208

longicauda, Gascardia, 202

MARSIPOCOCCUS, 210
Marsipococcus marsupialis, 210
marsupialis, Marsipococcus, 210
nairobica, Parasaissetia, 216

oleae, Saissetia, 223

PARASAISSETIA, 212
Parasaissetia ficicola, 214

nairobica, 216
persimilis, Saissetia, 228
privigna, Saissetia, 229
PULVINARIA, 216
Pulvinaria tenuivalvata, 217

rubens, Ceroplastes, 187
rustica, Gascardia, 204

SAISSETIA, 219
Saissetia abyssinica, 221
coffeae, 221
oleae, 223
persimilis, 228
privigna, 229
somereni, 231
simplex, Ceroplastes, 187
sinoiae, Gascardia, 204
smaragdinus, Coccus, 193
somereni, Saissetia, 231
stellifera, Vinsonia, 234
stenocephala, Gascardia, 206

tenuivalvata, Pulvinaria, 217
tessellatus, Eucalymnatus, 193

UDINIA, 231

Udinia farquharsoni, 232

VINSONIA, 232
Vinsonia stellifera, 234
vinsonioides, Ceroplastes, 189

INDEX TO VOLUME

New taxonomic names are in bold type

ablusus, Bibio . . .

abyssinica, Saissetia . .
achardi, Pheloticus . .
acuminata, Kilifia ..
admirabilis, Lemurimyza .
aethiopicus, Coccus . .

affiniproximus, Bibio . .
at fin is, Mandollia . .
afrit-anus, Microeurydemus
Afroeurydemus ...
Akermes ....
albertianus, Massartia .
albonotata, Silbomyia .

alluaudi, Afroeurydemus .
alpinus. Coccus . . .
Amblynetes . . . .
Amenia ....

andersoni, Akermes . .
angustifrons, Paramenia .
mi ten n at us, Proliniscus .
Aphthonesthis . . .
armatus, Afroeurydemus .
armatus, Paraivongius .
asiatica, Silbomyia . .
atra, Penthetria ...
atrimembris, Favarelius .
auriceps, Platytropesa 49 (fig.),

australensis, Phytoliriomyza .

bayeri, Paraivongius . .
bequaerti, Paraivongius .
Bibio .....
bicolor, Paraivongius . .
bimaculatus, Afroeurydemus

.9 (fig.), 10
221, 222 (fig.)
. .172
.. 208
. 27 (fig.), 28
. .191

10, n (fig.), 12
. .160
. . 149
. 150-151
. 178-179
. -156
. .56-58
. .150
. .192
. .147
. 100-121
178, 180 (fig.)
. 128-130
. .153
. .146
. .150
. . 157
. 80-8 1

5, 6 (fig.)
. .164

83 (fig.), 85-87,

30

157
157
8-20
157
150

bipartita, Gascardia 195-196, 197 (fig.)

bipartitus, Pheloticus . . . .172

bipunctatus, Afroeurydemus . .150

bredoi, Afroeurydemus . . .150

brevicauda, Gascardia . 196, 199 (fig.)

brevicornis, Rhembastus . . 159

brevilineatus, Afroeurydemus . . 151

Calasposoma . . . . .164

calasposomoides, Massartia . .156

caliginosus, Afroeurydemus . . 151

cameruense, Colposcelis . . . 147

capitaneus, Bibio . . 13 (fig.), 14

carinatus, Afroeurydemus . . -151

Casmenella . . . . .164

cerifera, Gascardia . . . .198
Cerodontha ...... 26

Ceroplastes ..... 179-189
Chaetamenia . . . . .100
chalceatus, Paraivongius . . . 157
Chiridea .... 146, 148 (fig.)

Chiriphyle 164

chrysame, Amenia . . . 120-122

clavareaui, Himerida . . . .166

Coccus ...... 189-193

coeruleus, Paraivongius . . 157

coffeae, Paraivongius . . .157

coffeae, Saissetia . . . . .221

collarti, Paraivongius . . . 157

Colposcelis .... 146, 148 (fig.)

compositella, Liriomyza .... 26

concinna, Colposcelis . . . -147
congoensis, Paraivongius . . 157

costalis, Musca ..... 95

costatipennis, Pheloticus . . .172
cost at us, Gaberella . . . .159

costatus, Paraivongius . . 157

cyanipennis, Paraivongius . . 157

cylindriformis, Proliniscus . 153

deceptrix, Gascardia . . 200, 201 (fig.)
decrescens, Silbomyia ... 85

deltoides, Kilifia . 208, 210, 211 (fig.)

dent at us, Eurydemus . . .165

destructor, Gascardia 200, 202, 203 (fig.)

diffusa, Musca ..... 95
Dilophus ..... 20-23

dilutus, Pheloticus . . . .172
distanti, Paraivongius . . 157

distantus, Pheloticus . . . .172
divitiosa, Paramenia . . . 130-131
Doleschallius ..... 92
dombeyae, Proliniscus . . 153

dorsata, Lemurimyza . . . 28-30

dubia, Platytropesa . . . 88-89

duplicata, Cerodontha (Icteromyza) . 26

elizabethanus, Paraivongius . . 157

elongatus, Coccus ..... 192
emaliensis, Paraivongius . . .157
enormis, Lemurimyza . . .28

Eucalymnatus . . . . .193
Eumolpopsis . . . . .164

Falsoparnops
farquharsoni, Udinia
Favarelius .
ficicola, Parasaissetia

ficus, Ceroplastes .

164

232, 233 (fig.)
164

214, 215 (fig.), 216
183, 184 (fig.), 185

242

flavicans, Afroeurydemus
flavimanus, Paraivongius
flavipes, Timentes
flavitarsis, Paraivongius

floridensis, Ceroplastes .
Formosiomima
fulgida, Silbomyia .
fulvicornis, Paraivongius
fulvimanus, Microsyagrus
fuscipennis, Silbomyia

INDEX

. 151

• 157

165 (fig.), 167

• 157
. 185

122-125
. 60-61

• 157
152

68-70

144 (fig.), 154 (%). 158-159
195-206

• 155
. 151

Gaberella
Gascardia

geminatus, Sarum
geniculatus, Afroeurydemus

geniculatus, Eurydemus . . .151

ghesquierei, Afroeurydemus . . 151
gloriosa, Musca ..... 95

gossypii, Microsyagrus . . .152

gossypii, Paraivongius . . .157

grandis, Angoleumolpus . . .150

gratiosus, Dilophus . . 20, 21 (fig.)

gussfeldi, Afroeurydemus . . -151

hesperidum, Coccus . . . .192

Himerida ...... 166

hirsutus, Dilophus . . 22 (fig.), 23

hoeneana, Silbomyia . . . 78-80

holubi, Afroeurydemus . . -151

hopei, Afroeurydemus . . -151

hypomelas, Paraivongius . . 157

imitatrix, Formosiomima . . 124-125

imperialis, Amenia . . . 107-108

imperialis dubitalis, Amenia . 111-112

imperialis imperialis, Amenia . . 109-1 1 1
indica, Penthetria .... 5-6

inermis, Sarum . . . . -155

insignitus, Microsyagrus . . -152

interstitialis, Paraivongius . . 157

interstitialis, Syagrus . . . 153

irregularis, Massartia . . .156

ituriensis, Afroeurydemus . . -151

185, 186 (fig.), 187

jacobii, Paraivongius .

janeirensis, Ceroplastes .

jansoni, Afroeurydemus . . 151

Japanagromyza . . . . .25

japonica, Penthetria . . 6 (fig.), 7

jasoni, Eurydemus . . . 151

katangensis, Paraivongius . 157

Kilifia 206-210

kraatzi, Paraivongius . . . .157

latifrons, Grapholostylum . . . in

latigena, Silbomyia . . . 73~75

lefevrei, Pheloticus . . . .172
Lemurimyza 26, 27 (fig.), 28, 29 (fig.), 30

leonina, Amenia .... 112-113

leonina albomaculata, Amenia

leonina enderleini, Amenia

leonina leonina, Amenia .

lepesmei, Paraivongius

Liniscus

Liostiria

Liriomyza

longicauda, Gascardia

longicornis, Amenia

luteolus, Geroplastes .

148 (fig.)

115-116

• "5
"3-"5

• 157
149-150

26

202, 204, 205 (fig.)

71 (fig.), 116-119

196

mackerrasi, Silbomyia . . 72-73

macularis, Paramenia . . . 131-133
maculipennis, Afroeurydemus . . 151
maculosus, Afroeurydemus . . 151

mahembensis, Golposcelis . . .147
mallochi, Plecia ... 6 (fig.), 8

Mandollia . . . .154 (fig.), 159

marginatus, Afroeurydemus . . 151
marshalli, Microsyagrus . . .152
Marsipococcus . . . . 210-212

marsupialis, Marsipococcus 210, 212, 213 (fig.)
Mashonania . . . . .164

mashonanus, Microsyagrus . .152

mashonanus, Sarum . . 155

Massartia ...... 156

maynei, Paraivongius . . 157

mechowi, Rhembastus . . .159
Megaloprepes ..... 50

Melanagromyza ..... 25

Melindea . . . . . .164

Meniellus . . . 154 (ng-), 155-156

Menius 151-152

metallica, Melanagromyza . . .25
metal lieu, Silbomyia . . . 81-82

micans, Paraivongius . . . 157

Microeurydemus 144 (fig-), J48 (fig-)> *49

Microsyagrus . . . 148 (fig-)» J52

milliani, Paraivongius . . . 157

minimus, Massartia . . . .156
minor, Silbomyia .... 66-67

Monardiella . . . . • .164
motoensis, Paraivongius . . .158
murrayi, Paraivongius . . .158

nairobica, Parasaissetia . . .216
natalensis, Proliniscus . . 153

Neoamenia . . . . • .100
nepalensis, Phytomyza 29 (fig.). 30-31

nigerrimus, Bibio . . . 14, 15 (fig-), 16
nigriceps, Afroeurydemus . . . 151
nigricollis, Pheloticus . 172

nigripes, Paraivongius . . .158
nigritarsis, Paraivongius . .158

nigrocostalis, Stilbomyella 91 (figs.), 95~97
nigrolimbatus, Afroeurydemus . . 151
nigromaculata, Formosiomima

83 (fig.), 124-125
nigrostriatus, Afroeurydemus , , • I5I

INDEX

nigrosuturatus, Golposcelis
nitens, Stilbomyella
nubiensis, Afroeurydemus .

• 147
97-98

rustica, Gascardia
ruwenzoricus, Paraivongius

243

204
158

obscurellus, Sarum . . . -155
oleae, Saissetia 223, 224, 225 (fig.), 226-227

(figs.), 228
opulenta, Musca .... 85

palawana, Silbomyia . . . 63-64

Palesida . . . . . .164

pallldipennis, Pheloticus . . .172
Paraivongius 144 (fig.), 154 (fig.), 156-158

Paramenia ..... 126-136

Paraplatytropesa 49 (fig.), 83 (fig.), 98-100
Parasaissetia .... 212-216

parvula, Silbomyia . . . 64-68

parvulus, Paraivongius . . .158
pauliani, Paraivongius . . .158

parvulus, Proliniscus . . 153

Pausiropsis . . . . .164

pectoralis, Lemurimyza ... 30
Penthetria ...... 4-7

pergeminatus, Sarum . . 155

perpuncticollis, Syagrus . . -153
perroti, Pheloticus . . . .172

persimilis, Saissetia . . . .228

phaseoli, Melanagromyza ... 26

philippinensis, Silbomyia . . 58-60

plagiatus, Paraivongius . . -158
Platytropesa ..... 84-90

Plecia 7-8

pomorum, Paraivongius . . .158
porosicollis, Golposcelis . . . 147
privigna, Saissetia . . . 229, 230 (fig.)
Proliniscus .... 152-153

prospera, Musca .... 56

Pseudivongius . . . 147, 148 (fig.)
pseudobscurellus, Paraivongius . .158
Pseudomacetes . . . . .164
pseudoparvulus, Paraivongius . .158
Pulvinaria ..... 216-218
puncticollis, Afroeurydemus . . 151
puncticollis, Proliniscus . . . 153

puncticollis, Syagrus . . . 153

quadrimaculatus, Afroeurydemus . 151

ralumensis, Liostiria .... 88

recticollis, Paraivongius . . -158

Rhembastus . . . . 159

rieti, Paraplatytropesa . . 99-100

rogezianus, Pheloticus . . .172
rosae, Microsyagrus .... 152

rotundatus, Paraivongius . . .158

ruandicus, Paraivongius . . .158

rubens, Ceroplastes . . . .187

rufipes, Paraivongius . . . .158

rufonitens, Afroeurydemus . . 151

rufulus, Afroeurydemus . . .151

rugicollis, Pheloticus . . . .172

Saissetia
Sarum

sauteri, Silbomyia
scapularis, Paraivongius
scaurus, Bibio
Scelodonta
Scelodontomorpha
schoutedeni, Massartia
semiauriceps, Paramenia
semibrunneus, Mandollia .
semipiceus, Paraivongius .
semivittatus, Microeurydemus
Semmiona ....
sexpunctata, Amenia
Silbomyia ....
simplex, Geroplastes .
simulans, Platytropesa

219-231

154 (fig-), 155
76-78
. 158

16, 17 (fig.), 18
. 166
. 166
. 156

133-136
160

• 158

• 149
. 166

105-107
50-83
. 187

49 (fig-), 83 (fig.),
89-90, 91 (fig.), 92
204, 206, 207 (fig.)

• 159
193, 194 (fig.)

. 231

234, 235 (fig.)
206

sinoiae, Gascardia
sjoestedti, Menius
smaragdinus, Coccus .

somereni, Saissetia
stellifera, Vinsonia
stenocephala, Gascardia
Stilbomyella ..... 92-98

striatipennis, Afroeurydemus . . 151
strigaticeps, Syagrus . . -153

subaeneus, Paraivongius . . . 158
sumba, Silbomyia .... 62
Syagrus . 153, 154 (fig.)

tahitiensis, Phytoliriomyza ... 30
tarsalis, Paraivongius . . .158

tenuivalvata, Pulvinaria 217, 218 (fig.)

tessellatus, Eucalymnatus . . . 193

Timentes 165 (fig.)

timorensis, Silbomyia . . 67-68

totonigra, Bibio . . .18, 19 (fig.), 20
tricostata, Scelodontomorpha . .166
trispina, Japanagromyza ... 25

Udinia ..... 231-232

uniformis, Paraivongius . . .158

varia, Musca . . . . .120
variihalterata, Agromyza ... 25

Vinsonia .... 232, 234-235

vinsonioides, Ceroplastes . 188 (fig.), 189

viridiaeneus, Paraivongius . . .158

viridinitens, Paraivongius . . .158

viridis, Paraivongius . . . .158

vrijdaghi, Afroeurydemus . . .151

wistaricola, Parthenolecanium . . 192
wittei, Paraivongius . . . -158

zeae, Microsyagrus . . . .152

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